Tetanus u pasa Hađina, Suzana; Martinković, Krešimir; Stevanović, Vladimir ...
Veterinarska stanica,
04/2022, Volume:
53, Issue:
6
Journal Article, Paper
Peer reviewed
Open access
Tetanus je akutna zarazna bolest u pasa koja nastaje uslijed djelovanja neurotoksina bakterije C. tetani. Ulazna vrata su najčešće ubodne rane ili ozljede na koži. Inkubacija može trajati u ...vremenskom rasponu od tri dana do tri tjedna. Razlikujemo dva klinička oblika bolesti: lokalizirani i generalizirani. Kod lokaliziranog oblika vidljiva je ukočenost ekstremiteta na kojem se nalazi ozljeda ili rana. Tipični klinički znaci generalizirang oblika bolesti su grč muskulature lica, a tijekom progresije bolesti dolazi do generalizirane ukočenosti svih ekstremiteta, intermitentnih toničkih grčeva dišne muskulature te spastične paralize. Bolest je popraćena brojnim komplikacijama, a letalan ishod posljedica je respiratornog ili srčanog zastoja. Dijagnostika se temelji na detaljnoj anamnezi i tipičnoj kliničkoj slici. Liječenje tetanusa uključuje kiruršku obradu rane, neutralizaciju slobodnog neurotoksina antitoksinom, sprječavanje daljnjeg umnažanja bakterije C. tetani antimikrobnim pripravcima te potpornu terapiju. Sam proces liječenja je dugotrajan, a prognoza i ishod bolesti ne ovise samo o obliku i tijeku bolesti već i o njezinom pravovremenom prepoznavanju te adekvatnom liječenju. Uz sve navedeno potrebno je naglasiti da još uvijek ne postoji jedinstveni pristup liječenju ove bolesti u pasa. Imunoprofilaksa tetanusa u pasa se ne provodi.
Tetanus is an acute, non-contagious infectious disease in dogs caused by the tetanus neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. The most common paths of entry are infected puncture wounds or skin injuries. The incubation period of the disease ranges from three days to three weeks. The clinical presentation of the disease is manifested in either the localised or generalised form. In the localised form of the disease, there is visible rigidity of the limb where the injury or wound is located. The generalised form is manifested through typical clinical symptoms that initially include facial muscle spasm, and as the disease progresses, there is generalized stiffness of all extremities, intermittent tonic spasms of the respiratory musculature, and spastic paralysis. The disease is accompanied by numerous complications, and a lethal outcome is the result of respiratory or cardiac arrest. Diagnosis is based on a detailed anamnesis and typical clinical signs. Treatment of tetanus includes surgical management of the wound, neutralisation of the free neurotoxin with an antitoxin, prevention of further multiplication of bacterium C. tetani by the administration of antimicrobial medications, and supportive therapy. The process itself is long-term and the prognosis and outcome of the disease depends not only on the form and course of the disease, but also on its timely recognition and adequate treatment. Furthermore, it is important to emphasise that there is still no unique approach to the treatment of this disease in dogs. Immunoprophylaxis of tetanus in dogs is not currently enforced.
Tetanus is a potentially life-threatening infection of Clostridium tetani characterized by painful muscular spasms and hypertonia. Surgical debridement of infected tissue is intended to reduce the ...number of spores and limit the extent of the disease. We report a case of an unvaccinated 13-year-old adolescent boy who presented with systemic tetanus after stepping on a nail, and we describe the role that surgical debridement of infected tissue plays in optimizing outcomes.
Orthopaedic surgeons must remain aware of the role of surgical debridement of wounds potentially infected with C. tetani because it is an important component of proper management.
Vaccine production is a biological process in which variation in time and output is inevitable. Thus, the application of Process Analytical Technologies (PAT) will be important in this regard. ...Headspace solid - phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with GC–MS can be used as a PAT for process monitoring. This method is suitable to chemical profiling of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from microorganisms. Tetanus is a lethal disease caused by Clostridium tetani (C. tetani) bacterium and vaccination is an ultimate way to prevent this disease. In this paper, SPME fiber was used for the investigation of VOCs emerging from C. tetani during cultivation. Different types of VOCs such as sulfur-containing compounds were identified and some of them were selected as biomarkers for bioreactor monitoring during vaccine production. In the second step, the portable dynamic air sampling (PDAS) device was used as an interface for sampling VOCs by SPME fibers. The sampling procedure was optimized by face-centered central composite design (FC-CCD). The optimized sampling time and inlet gas flow rates were 10 min and 2 m L s−1, respectively. PDAS was mounted in exhausted gas line of bioreactor and 42 samples of VOCs were prepared by SPME fibers in 7 days during incubation. Simultaneously, pH and optical density (OD) were evaluated to cultivation process which showed good correlations with the identified VOCs (>80%). This method could be used for VOCs sampling from off-gas of a bioreactor to monitoring of the cultivation process.
•Sol-gel based SPME fiber used for studying bacterial volatile organic compound•Biomarkers selection for monitoring of C. Tetani cultivation in a bioreactor•Constructed new interface for sampling volatile compound from exhaust of bioreactor•Control of the C. Tetani cultivation in a bioreactor by monitoring of VOCs
Study objective
A study of the polar lipids of Clostridium novyi NT and C. tetani was undertaken as part of an ongoing exploration of plasmalogen biosynthesis in anaerobic bacteria.
Approach and ...results
Our study of the polar lipids of two species of clostridia by thin‐layer chromatography and mass spectrometry has revealed the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn), cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol (PtdGro), as major phospholipids with small amounts of lysyl‐PtdGro and alanyl‐PtdGro in C. novyi. PtdEtn, PtdGro and aminoacyl‐PtdGro were present in both the diacyl and alk‐1′‐enyl acyl (plasmalogen) forms and cardiolipin plasmalogens were found to contain one or two alk‐1′‐enyl chains. In contrast, the precursor lipids phosphatidic acid, CDP‐diacylglycerol and phosphatidylserine were present almost exclusively as diacyl phospholipids.
Conclusions
These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that plasmalogens are formed from diacylated phospholipids at a late stage of phospholipid formation in clostridia. This novel pathway begins with acylation of glycerol‐3‐P and contrasts with the route in animals in which a saturated ether bond is formed at an early stage of plasmalogen biosynthesis from acyl‐dihydroxyacetone‐P and the alk‐1‐enyl bond is formed by an aerobic mechanism. Research support: GM‐069338, DOE‐ER‐20052, and the University of Pennsylvania.
Clostridial organisms are spore-forming, anaerobic, gram-positive bacilli that are found in a wide variety of environments, including soil, vegetation, and the gut of healthy animals. Their ability ...to produce spores allows them to survive for prolonged periods of time in challenging environments, including after exposure to many common household and hospital disinfectants. Another characteristic of clostridia that cause disease is their ability to produce toxins, and it is these toxins that often cause the hallmark features of clostridial infections. The clostridia with the greatest impact on human health today is Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile, which is the most common cause of health care–associated infections in the United States and is an associated complication in over 20,000 in-hospital deaths per year. By comparison, the incidence of other Clostridioides (e.g., Clostridium tetani, C. botulinum, and C. perfringens) has decreased due to improvements in hygiene and vaccinations, but diseases caused by those agents require prompt recognition and appropriate therapy to avoid preventable morbidity and mortality. Clostridia of emerging importance include Paeniclostridium (formerly Clostridium) sordellii (which is a cause of rapidly fatal infections in postpartum women, after medical abortions, in injection drug users, and after traumatic injuries), and Clostridium novyi (which is a cause of necrotizing infections in injection drug users).
We report the case of a 58-year-old man born in the United States with a history of complete childhood immunizations who presented to the Emergency Department with trismus. Past medical history was ...significant only for Elephantiasis. After an exhaustive workup the patient was found to have Tetanus, with no identifiable portal of entry. The patient was successfully treated for Tetanus with complete recovery. Tetanus is caused by the organism Clostridium Tetani, which usually requires an open lesion to cause infection. Our patient was unique in that he was previously immunized with no obvious lesion. Tetanus should be suspected and treated empirically in any patient presenting with typical signs and symptoms even without an apparent entry site.
The bacterium Clostridium (C.) tetani is an ubiquitous pathogen. This anaerobic, gram-positive bacterium can form spores and can be found in the whole environment. It enters the body via injuries of ...the skin and wounds where it releases the neurotoxin "tetanospasmin" (= tetanus toxin). The animals most susceptible to tetanus infection are horses and sheep. Only active immunisation by tetanus vaccine provides effective protection against tetanus intoxication. The marketing authorisation requirements stipulate that efficacy of tetanus vaccines ad us. vet. must be demonstrated in all target animal species via determination of neutralising tetanus serum antitoxin concentrations. The standard method used for this purpose is still the toxin neutralisation test (TNT), as it quantifies the tetanus toxin-neutralising effect of tetanus serum antibodies in vivo. In this test, tetanus toxin is added to dilutions of serum from vaccinated horse and sheep. The serum dilutions are then administered to mice or guinea pigs, which are observed for toxic symptoms. Against the background of animal protection, the goal of one project of the Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Bundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung (Federal Ministry for Education and Research), 0312636) was to establish an alternative to the toxin neutralisation test, enabling the testing of efficacy of tetanus vaccines with serological in vitro methods. For this purpose, a so-called double antigen ELISA (DAE) was established which enables the testing of sera of different species in one assay. In addition, the sera were tested in an indirect ELISA for horses and sheep separately. Altogether, ten groups of horses and eight groups of sheep were immunised with ten animals per group each. The tetanus vaccines comprised almost all products authorised for the German market at the start of the project. 564 horse sera and 257 sheep sera were tested using the two ELISA methods. Some sera were also tested in vivo. The kinetics of antibody responses were recorded. The in vitro DAE method seems to be suitable to replace the mouse neutralisation test used for the detection of tetanus antitoxin in sera of target animal species. The comparison of some sera in the ELISA and the TNT showed good equivalence of results. Nevertheless, before an ELISA titre in horse and sheep sera indicating unambiguous protection against tetanus can be fixed, further comparative assays of low titre sera in the TNT and the DAE will have to be performed.
Classical techniques for the isolation of C. tetani appear even in the most recent textbooks, because few investigations have been made in this area in recent years. A reappraisal of the isolation ...methods of C. tetani, including the use of GAM (Gifu Anaerobic Medium), which is commonly used but hitherto unexplored for this purpose, appeared to be important in view of some conflicting results reported in the literature. The following cultural conditions were reappraised: i) Media for enrichment culture and the duration of incubation, ii) media for isolation of C. tetani from the enrichment culture employing agar slant media, and iii) the recovery rate of C. tetani from the enrichment medium employing the optimal agar slant medium. As samples from which C. tatani is isolated usually contain other bacteria, we studied the isolation of C. tetani mixed experimentally with other bacteria, employing different media under several conditions. The following results were obtained: 1) The analysis of the growth curves of C. tetani, cultured simultaneously with E. coli, Streptococcus sp., group G, S. aureus and C. perfringens, revealed that GAM broth is the best medium as compared with the liver, cooked meat and thioglycollate broth media recommended by others. 2) GAM, blood and heart infusion agar slant media were equally useful for the isolation of C. tetani from the mixed culture with E. coli. There was no indication that GAM agar medium inhibited the swarming of C. tatani. The swarming colonies of C. tetani were more easily detected when the GAM agar slant was used than when the blood agar slant medium was used. 3) Glucose in the heart infusion agar medium inhibited the swarming of C. tetani at a concentration of 1%, and both growth and swarming of C. tetani were inhibited when the concentration of glucose was raised to 2%. In view of this finding, Zeissler's medium, which contains 2% glucose is not recommended for this purpose. C. tetani failed to be recovered from samples mixed with Streptococcus sp., group G or with C. perfringens, even when GAM agar slant medium was used, when the dose of C. tetani added to the broth was not sufficiently large. C. tetani must reach a certain level of density to be recovered from mixed cultures, and by means of plural, not a singular agar slant media. This is particularly important when clinical, soil and stool samples which are contaminated with an unknown number of bacterial species are subjected to isolation.
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