In order to determine the role of polyamines in the formation and development of the somatic embryos of Capsicum chinense, the effect of different concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mM) of ...Putrescine, Spermidine and Spermine on the efficiency and morphology of the embryos was evaluated. The results show that none of the three polyamines evaluated had a significant effect on the number of embryos formed, except Spermidine (1 mM), which caused a significant reduction in their numbers, in comparison with the control treatment. However, the most noteworthy result was observed in the treatment containing 0.1 mM of Spermine. The embryos developed in this treatment showed harmonic apex-radicle development, pale-green coloration and the formation of two tiny cotyledonary leaves. Real-time PCR was used to analyze the differential expression of the WUS, WOX1 and WOX3 genes in somatic embryos treated with Spermine and untreated, including the zygotic embryo. The transcript levels of the genes analyzed were found to differ significantly between both types of embryos (somatic and zygotic), with the zygotic embryos presenting a higher level of transcripts; however, compared to the untreated somatic embryos, the somatic embryos treated with Spermine showed an increase in the transcript levels of the three genes analyzed (WUS, WOX1 and WOX3); the WOX1 gene in particular presented an accumulation pattern similar to that of the zygotic embryo of the species.
Biquinho pepper has been gaining prominence on the national scene because of its sweet taste and low pungency. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the phenological growth stages of biquinho ...pepper according to the BBCH scale. Based on this general scale, biquinho pepper showed 9 of the 10 principal stages (germination, leaf development, formation of side shoots, shoot development, development of the harvestable vegetative parts of the plant, flowering, fruit development, coloring or ripening of fruits and senescence). In addition, 25 secondary growth stages have also been described. The study will act as a tool for adoption of better crop management practices (nutrient management, irrigation scheduling, monitoring of management of pests and timely harvest of fruits).
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•Ultrasound is a fast method for phenolic compounds recovery from C. chinense leaves.•Solvent polarity has a strong effect on the recovery of phenolic compounds.•Dielectric constant ...was propose to predict the most appropriate solvent for phenolic extraction.•Antioxidant activity correlates with total phenolic content of C. chinense leaves extracts.•Identification of phenolic compounds was performed by UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS.
Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites involved in plant adaptation processes. The development of extraction procedures, quantification, and identification of this compounds in habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense) leaves can provide information about their accumulation and possible biological function. The main objective of this work was to study the effect of the UAE method and the polarity of different extraction solvents on the recovery of phenolic compounds from C. chinense leaves. Quantification of the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) by ABTS+ and DPPH radical inhibition methods, and the relation between the dielectric constant (ε) as polarity parameter of the solvents and TPC using Weibull and Gaussian distribution models was analyzed. The major phenolic compounds in C. chinense leaves extracts were identified and quantified by UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS. The highest recovery of TPC (24.39 ± 2.41 mg GAE g−1 dry wt) was obtained using MeOH (50%) by UAE method. Correlations between TPC and AA of 0.89 and 0.91 were found for both radical inhibition methods (ABTS+ and DPPH). The Weibull and Gaussian models showed high regression values (0.93 to 0.95) suggesting that the highest phenolic compounds recovery is obtained using solvents with “ε” values between 35 and 52 by UAE. The major compounds were identified as N-caffeoyl putrescine, apigenin, luteolin and diosmetin derivatives. The models presented are proposed as a useful tool to predict the appropriate solvent composition for the extraction of phenolic compounds from C. chinense leaves by UAE based on the “ε” of the solvents for future metabolomic studies.
During the past decade, it has been reported that the consumption of certain foods and spices such as pepper may have a positive effect on health. The present study evaluates the influence of fruit ...ripening on total phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids and capsaicinoids content and antioxidant, hypoglycaemic and anticholinesterase activities of
Capsicum chinense Jacq. cv Habanero. The chemical investigation showed a different composition between the two stages of ripening (immature and mature). Generally, the concentration of carotenoids and capsaicinoids increased as the peppers reached maturity, whereas the concentration of phenols declined. The immature fruits showed the highest radical scavenging activity (IC
50 of 97.14
μg/ml). On the contrary, the antioxidant activity evaluated by the β-carotene bleaching test showed a significant activity for mature peppers (IC
50 value of 4.57
μg/ml after 30
min of incubation). Mature peppers inhibited α-amylase with an IC
50 of 130.67
μg/ml. The lipophilic fractions of both mature and immature peppers exhibited an interesting and selective inhibitory activity against α-amylase with IC
50 values of 29.58 and 9.88
μg/ml, respectively. Both total extracts of mature and immature peppers inhibited butyrylcholinesterase selectively. The obtained results underline the potential health benefits as a result of consuming
C. chinense Habanero and suggest that it could be used as new valuable flavour with functional properties for food or nutriceutical products on the basis of the high content of phytochemicals and found biological properties.
Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum), one of the oldest domesticated crops in the Americas, is the most widely grown spice crop in the world. We report whole-genome sequencing and assembly of the hot pepper ...(Mexican landrace of Capsicum annuum cv. CM334) at 186.6× coverage. We also report resequencing of two cultivated peppers and de novo sequencing of the wild species Capsicum chinense. The genome size of the hot pepper was approximately fourfold larger than that of its close relative tomato, and the genome showed an accumulation of Gypsy and Caulimoviridae family elements. Integrative genomic and transcriptomic analyses suggested that change in gene expression and neofunctionalization of capsaicin synthase have shaped capsaicinoid biosynthesis. We found differential molecular patterns of ripening regulators and ethylene synthesis in hot pepper and tomato. The reference genome will serve as a platform for improving the nutritional and medicinal values of Capsicum species.
In order to generate information about the potential of ‘Biquinho’ pepper as an alternative crop for regions with limited supply of freshwater but with availability of brackish water, such as the ...semiarid region, a study was carried out with this crop grown in NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) hydroponic system for 120 days after transplanting (DAT). The experiment used nutrient solution prepared in water from the local municipal supply system (electrical conductivity of water –ECw = 0.34 dS m−1) and six other brackish waters prepared artificially by the addition of NaCl, with electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution -ECsol: 2.70 (control), 3.64, 4.58, 5.28, 6.09, 6.90 and 7.77 dS m−1, composing seven treatments repeated six times in randomized blocks. Fruit yield, salt tolerance and yield earliness index were evaluated. The yield of ‘Biquinho’ pepper cultivated in NFT hydroponic system, without restriction of salinity, was 2.87 kg per plant, corresponding to 46.1 Mg ha−1, considering an estimated area of 0.62 m2 per plant. A plateau followed by exponential decay model was fitted to determine the threshold salinity of ‘Biquinho’ pepper, which was 5.22 dS m−1 in the nutrient solution, corresponding to the relative potential yield. Salinity reduced the yield earliness index of ‘Biquinho’ pepper.
•Production of ‘Biquinho’ pepper is satisfactory in NFT hydroponic cultivation system.•The threshold salinity of ‘Biquinho’ pepper is 5.22 dS m−1 in the nutrient solution.•The increase in the salinity of the nutrient solution reduces the initial character of 'Biquinho' pepper production.•Nonlinear models better explained the reduction in the relative productivity of ‘Biquinho’ pepper, under NFT hydroponic cultivation.
Zygotic and somatic embryogenesis in plants is a fascinating event that is finely regulated through the expression of a specific group of genes and dynamic levels of plant hormones whose concerted ...action determines the fate that specific cells follow towards zygotic or somatic embryo development. This work studied different stages of Capsicum chinense Jacq. zygotic and somatic embryogenesis. HPLC quantification determined that the levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) increase as the zygotic or somatic embryogenesis progresses, being higher at maturity, thus supporting a positive correlation between embryo cell differentiation and IAA increase. A monoclonal anti-IAA-antibody was used to detect IAA levels. Findings revealed a dynamic pattern of auxin distribution along the different embryogenic embryonic stages. In the early stages of zygotic embryos, the IAA gradient was observed in the basal cells of the suspensor and the hypostases, suggesting that they are the initial source of the IAA hormone. As embryogenesis proceeds, the dynamic of the IAA gradient is displaced to the embryo and endosperm cells. In the case of induced somatic embryogenesis, the IAA gradient was detected in the dividing cells of the endodermis, from where pre-embryogenic cells emerge. However, the analysis of somatic embryos revealed that IAA was homogeneously distributed. This study shows evidence supporting a correlation between IAA levels during zygotic or somatic embryogenesis in Capsicum chinense species.
In the absence of matric potential, the hydroponic cultivation method of employing brackish water to prepare a nutrient solution permits satisfactory growth, even of non-leafy vegetables. The present ...study evaluated the growth variables, stem diameter, plant height, number of leaves, and the shoot dry mass in the different phenological stages of “Biquinho” pepper in response to the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solutions (ECsol), varying from 2.70 to 7.77 dS m−1 in a Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) hydroponic system. For the number of leaves, linear reductions of 3.89 and 9.29% (dS m−1)−1 were observed at 10 and 30 days after transplanting (DAT), respectively. At 60 DAT, plants began to preserve their leaves up to ECsol of 4.60 dS m−1 and presented a linear decrease of 23.32% per unit increment above the salinity threshold. At 10 DAT, the plant height and stem diameter were not affected and only at 30 DAT were there significant differences due to ECsol, with a linear reduction of 3.98 and 5.27% (dS m−1)−1, respectively. While at 60 DAT, the salinity response for these variables was represented by a plateau followed by a linear decrease, with salinity thresholds of 5.18 and 5.01 dS m−1, and thereafter a relative decrease of 9.31 and 11.9% per unit increase in ECsol above the threshold, respectively, the values up to the salinity threshold being 0.87 m and 15.77 mm, respectively. The shoot dry mass up to 60 DAT reduced linearly with an increase in ECsol, but the plants under moderate salinity after acclimatization (90 DAT) surpassed the control treatment, and maximum dry mass accumulation was observed at an ECsol of 5.14 dS m−1. The results reveal that in hydroponic cultivation of “Biquinho” pepper under salt stress, growth is attenuated in the reproductive phase.
•The biofertilizer treatment resulted in bigger and crunchier Biquinho pepper.•The treatments did not interfere in preference.•The liquid biofertilizer was observed as a satisfactory alternative.•The ...control presented higher chlorophyll content.
Biquinho pepper has been gaining prominence on the national scene because of its sweet taste and low pungency. This study evaluated the effect of liquid biofertilizer on the quality of the Biquinho pepper. Three treatments were tested: Biquinho pepper with mineral fertilizer (T1), biofertilizer (T2), and control (without fertilizer) (T3), totalizing 12 plots. The agronomic parameters were evaluated, as well as those regarding fruit and plant production, physicochemical characteristics (chlorophyll; humidity; titrable acidity; soluble solids; pH, firmness, ascorbic acid, instrumental color), and sensory analysis. For the production parameters (fruit weight and mass), the treatment using liquid biofertilizer was superior compared to the others. Regarding the dimensional variables of the fruit (length, diameter, mass, and wall thickness), the control presented significantly inferior results, besides lower chlorophyll content. The peppers produced using mineral fertilizer presented higher acidity contents, together with the control, and lower pH. There was no significant difference among the treatments regarding the contents of humidity, soluble solids, firmness, and ascorbic acid. Regarding instrumental color, only the attribute chroma (color saturation) of the fruit from the control treatment presented superior values. In terms of size and crunchy texture, the fruit from the treatment with biofertilizer presented the greatest sums, but not interfering in preference. The liquid biofertilizer was observed as a satisfactory alternative for Biquinho pepper production.
Morphological descriptors and molecular analysis methods were used to identify plant genetic resources and determine genetic diversity levels. Capsicum chinense has a high variation in terms of fruit ...traits. In this study, it was aimed to identify the plant characteristics of 83 Capsicum chinense genotypes and to determine genetic diversity levels in the existing population within the species by SSR method. As a result of molecular analysis of genotypes of Capsicum chinense species, a total of 115 bands were obtained from 14 SSR markers. As a result of the evaluation, 66 of the bands were polymorphic (57.4%) and 49 were monomorphic (42.6%). As a result of analyses made with SSR markers in Capsicum chinense genotypes, it was divided into 3 heterotic main groups according to the Unweighted Neighbor-Joining method. Genetic distance values of C. chinense genotypes were found to vary between 0.15-0.75. It is planned to continue selection breeding studies in C. chinense genotypes, which have characterization with this study.
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