By using the explorative research approach of semi-structured interviews, indicators that influence students' language acquisition in a multilingual environment could be determined. Moreover, ways of ...second language teaching implementation in different organizational forms of the minority school system in Carinthia/Koroška are presented. In this article, scientific methods and instruments will be presented as well as the respective content and the target group. An analysis of the linguistic socialization in mono-and multilingual families is explored, as well as partial fields of emotional connectedness to a specific language. Furthermore, dimensions of motivation to learn more languages will be addressed. Connections between the above-mentioned categories will be identified and interpreted.
The south-western part of the Carinthian (or Frög) group of the Early Iron Age, located between the valley of the Gail/Zilja and Villach/Beljak (Rosegg/Rožek), bordered the Veneti in northern Italy ...and the Sveta Lucija group in western Slovenia. The relationships with these neighbours, alongside the trade in amber from the Baltic Sea, salt from Hallstatt and Dürrnberg, as well as iron and lead from the Alps, brought to the eastern Alpine areas not only foreign luxury goods, but also people and ideas. One communication with the southern neighbours led across the Predel/Predil Pass, evidence of which can be found in a pin with a moulded neck from Napoleonwiese at Villach that has parallels in Tolmin. Further along the Soča/Isonzo, contacts between Caput Adriae and Carinthia/Kärnten may be reflected in the pottery with lead appliqués. Evidence of such contacts and circulations of ideas can also be seen in the use and development of the Unec type pendants, in the boat fibulae (Kahnfibeln) of the Villach type and the Paularo type of east Alpine animal-headed fibulae (ostalpine Tierkopffibel) that indicate a common artisanal tradition in Posočje and Kärnten in the 5th/4th century BC, as well as in the commonalities that the tumulus from Schmeißer Boden at Gurina shows with the tumuli in Mel near Belluno.
Trace element concentrations in quartz were determined from two major LCT pegmatite occurrences in Europe to test the applicability of quartz as a pathfinder mineral for Li mineralized pegmatites. ...The Wolfsberg spodumene pegmatite deposit and pegmatites throughout the wider Austroalpine Unit (Austria), and the Moylisha spodumene pegmatite deposit (SE Ireland), present two distinctly different geological histories. Spodumene pegmatites at Wolfsberg are associated with late Permian lithospheric extension that formed the Austroalpine Unit Pegmatite Province spanning the Eastern Alps. They were metamorphosed at up to eclogite-facies conditions during the Alpine orogeny. Contrastingly, the simple and spodumene pegmatites at Moylisha form a late Silurian to early Devonian NE-SW-striking pegmatite belt that intruded the East Carlow Deformation Zone along the SE margin of the late Caledonian S-type Leinster Batholith. All analyzed pegmatites contain assemblages including K-feldspar, albite, quartz, muscovite ± spodumene. LA-ICP-MS analysis shows quartz from spodumene pegmatites in both regions is distinguishable from that in simple pegmatites by higher concentrations of Al, Li, Ge and B, whereas simple pegmatite quartz contains higher Ti. Increasing concentrations of Al, Li and Ge and decreasing Ti in quartz from simple pegmatites (to leucogranites in the Austroalpine Unit) to spodumene pegmatites reflects increasing degree of fractionation, resulting from either magmatic differentiation or separately generated but increasingly fractionated melts. Chemical profiles through individual spodumene pegmatite bodies show relatively little chemical variation, consistent with Li saturation through most of their crystallization history. Principal component analysis of quartz data shows that high Ge, Be and B concentrations characterize quartz in pegmatites from the Austroalpine Unit whereas high Al and Li concentrations characterize quartz in pegmatites from Moylisha. Concentrations of >100 μgg−1 Al and >30 μgg−1 Li in pegmatite quartz represent an important threshold for potential spodumene mineralization, which may also be indicated by host rocks (e.g., mica schist) metasomatized by fluids expelled by pegmatites during emplacement and/or crystallization and generating a chemical halo. Retention of pegmatite chemical signatures at Wolfsberg supports the robustness of quartz as an effective pathfinder tool for Li mineralized pegmatites in regions that have been affected by high-pressure metamorphism. LA-ICP-MS of quartz in soil and stream sediments may also be a useful pathfinder in pegmatite provinces where Li-rich quartz is not too diluted by other quartz.
•Quartz trace elements determined for LCT pegmatites at Wolfsberg and Moylisha.•Respective Ge-Be-B and Al-Li signatures in Wolfsberg and Moylisha pegmatite quartz.•Increasing Al, Li, Ge/decreasing Ti in quartz from simple to spodumene pegmatites.•>100 μgg−1 Al and > 30 μgg−1 Li in pegmatite quartz indicative of Li mineralization.
In the Carnic Alps, located across the border between Italy and Austria, several sections span the Silurian/Devonian boundary in different sedimentary settings, from very shallow water to moderately ...deep shelf. All studied sections yielded conodonts and based on the first and last occurrences of the conodont taxa in the upper part of the Upper Oul. el. detortus Zone and in the lower part of the I. hesperius Zone a detailed conodont biostratigraphic framework was able to be constructed for this interval. Comparison of data from different depositional settings demonstrates that, although the majority of species are documented everywhere in the Carnic basin, a few taxa, mainly represented by coniforms, are limited to shallow water, whereas others, mainly ozarkodinids, occur only in open sea deposits.
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•The Silurian/Devonian boundary is documented in different bathymetric settings of the same basin.•A series of first or last occurrences of conodont taxa is recognized across the boundary.•The conodont faunas differ slightly depending on bathymetric settings of the basin.
A wide range of various proxies (e.g., mineralogy, organic carbon, inorganic geochemistry, C and Mo isotopes, and framboidal pyrite) were applied for interpretation of changing oceanic redox ...conditions, bioproductivity, and the regional history of magmatic activity. This resulted in internally consistent interpretation of the late Famennian Hangenberg Crisis in subtropical deepest water sites of the epeiric Rhenohercynian and Saxo–Thuringian basins, as well as more open sites of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean.
High mercury concentrations were detected in all of the studied sections, with the highest values strata in the Carnic Alps (up to 20 ppm) and Thuringia (up to 1.5 ppm). The beginning of the Hg anomaly and the presence of pyroclastic material, indicate that local magmatic activity was initiated before the deposition of the Hangenberg Black Shale (HBS). The onset of the HBS deposition coincided with the expansion of phosphate-enriched, anoxic to euxinic waters during short-lived CO2-greenhouse spike of a warm–humid climate. Intensive magmatic activity was a trigger for climatic changes, an excessive eutrophication, and an accelerated burial of organic carbon during the Hangenberg transgressive pulse. The injection of catastrophic amounts of CO2, toxic elements and acids from volcanic activity could have led to acidification, mutation of spores, and episodes of mass mortality of marine plankton.
•The Hangenberg Black Shale (HBS) was deposited under anoxic to euxinic conditions in subtropical deepest water sites.•The onset of the Hangenberg Black Shale is characterized by negative carbon isotope excursion.•Anomaly mercury concentrations and Hg/TOC ratios were documented in the Carnic Alps and Thuringia.•The presence of pyroclastic material was confirmed before the deposition of the HBS.•Intensive magmatic activity was a trigger for climatic changes, excessive eutrophication, and deposition of the HBS.
Bedload monitoring techniques have been developed and applied for many years in rivers ranging from steep mountain torrents to the large gravel-bed Danube River in Austria. Most monitoring stations ...use a combination of direct (mobile bag samplers, slot samplers) and indirect (geophones, hydrophones) measurement methods. Each individual technique is adequate, yet features particular boundary conditions and limitations related to hydraulic and sampling efficiency, functionality during floods, sampling duration or grain size. We show the capabilities and limitations of the different monitoring devices with respect to technical, operational and economic criteria, evaluating their suitability for determining bedload transport parameters. Bedload monitoring results of a measuring site at the Drau River in Carinthia/Austria are used to illustrate the specific range of the device application. We present an integrated automatic and continuous bedload monitoring system. It complements the specific limitations of single monitoring methods by additional measurement devices, enabling comprehensive monitoring of the bedload transport process. We then derive the Bedload Discharge Integrated Calculation Approach and the Bedload Rating Curve Approach and discuss their application for determining bedload discharge Qb and total bedload mass Vb. Whereas the integrated approach combines data from direct monitoring methods with indirect techniques, the rating curve approach uses only data from direct bedload monitoring devices. We demonstrate that applying an integrated automatic and continuous bedload monitoring system and combining the Bedload Discharge Integrated Calculation Approach and Bedload Rating Curve Approach yields accurate bedload discharge results.
Transtensional flanking structures Mayrhofer, Franziska; Schöpfer, Martin P.J.; Adamuszek, Marta ...
Journal of structural geology,
August 2022, 2022-08-00, Volume:
161
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Flanking structures are deflections of an existing planar fabric (e.g., foliation) alongside a cross-cutting element (e.g., a vein) that can develop in a wide range of rock types and glacier ice. ...Nearly all published examples of flanking structures are interpreted to have formed either under simple shear or transpressional general shear, although theoretically they should also form under transtensional general shear. This paper describes the geometry and development of transtensional flanking structures in glacial ice of the Pasterze, Austria's largest alpine valley glacier. The cross-cutting elements are a few metres long and are interpreted as fractures that rotate into the shear flow and consequently accommodate anti- and synthetic offset, forming a- and s-type flanking folds. However, shear bands, with co-shearing cross-cutting elements inclined against the shear flow, are absent. The geometries of the mapped structures are successfully reproduced with a semi-analytical modified Eshelby solution for a frictionless cross-cutting element embedded in a linear viscous medium deforming under a remote transtensional sub-simple shear. The geometry of the mapped flanking folds, the absence of shear bands, the spatial variation of cross-cutting element orientations and the geometry of the glacier's splaying crevasses are consistent with two-dimensional transtensional sub-simple shear caused by down-glacier valley widening.
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•Transtensional flanking structures are exposed in Austria's largest valley glacier.•Splaying crevasse geometries are consistent with a decelerating glacier flow.•The transtensional geometries are reproduced with semi-analytical models.•Diagnostic features of transtensional flanking structures are elaborated.•Shear zones in natural rocks rarely exhibit transtensional flanking structures.
Eclogites representing three strain stages from the type locality (Saualpe-Koralpe Complex, Eastern Alps, Austria) have been analyzed with regard to their microstructural, petrological and mechanical ...evolution during the gabbro-eclogite transformation and subsequent deformation. Thermodynamic forward models suggest the presence of a H2O dominated fluid phase during eclogitization and following deformation. While all three eclogite types show the same mineral paragenesis composed of garnet, omphacitic clinopyroxene, quartz and a fine grained polyphase aggregate of kyanite, clinozoisite, quartz and retrograde plagioclase, we do observe a microstructural and mechanical evolution with strain.
Eclogitization is controlled by dissolution of metastable gabbro and precipitation of the stable finer grained eclogitic mineral paragenesis. This induces a micro-porosity which allows fluids to migrate in an unchannelized way. Distributed eclogitization results in strain weakening, where both transformational and volumetric strain are accommodated by dissolution-precipitation creep. Subsequent deformation of eclogite results in the development of pronounced eclogitic foliation accompanied by grain coarsening and reduction of porosity. The latter results in a reduced efficiency of dissolution-reprecipitation possibly causing apparent strain hardening. Based on our observations we suggest a model for the rheological evolution during the transformation of a dry mafic rock into an eclogite where the combination of volumetric and transformational strain at the onset of eclogitization assisted by fluid induces rapid weakening followed by apparent hardening once eclogitization is completed and steady state deformation of the eclogite mineral paragenesis sets in.
•Eclogitization induced transient micro-porosity and fluid pathways.•Dissolution-precipitation accommodated transformational strain during gabbro-eclogite transformation.•Transient weakening by combined transformational strain and dissolution-precipitation creep.•Apparent post eclogitization strain hardening.
Vulnerability assessment for elements at risk is an important component in the framework of risk assessment. The vulnerability of buildings affected by torrent processes can be quantified by ...vulnerability functions that express a mathematical relationship between the degree of loss of individual elements at risk and the intensity of the impacting process. Based on data from the Austrian Alps, we extended a vulnerability curve for residential buildings affected by fluvial sediment transport processes to other torrent processes and other building types. With respect to this goal to merge different data based on different processes and building types, several statistical tests were conducted. The calculation of vulnerability functions was based on a nonlinear regression approach applying cumulative distribution functions. The results suggest that there is no need to distinguish between different sediment-laden torrent processes when assessing vulnerability of residential buildings towards torrent processes. The final vulnerability functions were further validated with data from the Italian Alps and different vulnerability functions presented in the literature. This comparison showed the wider applicability of the derived vulnerability functions. The uncertainty inherent to regression functions was quantified by the calculation of confidence bands. The derived vulnerability functions may be applied within the framework of risk management for mountain hazards within the European Alps. The method is transferable to other mountain regions if the input data needed are available.
► Vulnerability assessment in the framework of risk assessment ► Vulnerability functions for buildings affected by torrent processes ► Pooling of data based on different processes and building types proven by statistical tests ► Wider applicability proven by validation procedure ► No need to distinguish between different sediment-laden torrent processes
High‐ and ultrahigh‐pressure rocks occur in the Austroalpine Nappes in a ~400 km long belt from the Texel Complex in the west to the Sieggraben Unit in the east. Garnet growth during pressure ...increase was dated using Lu‐Hf chronometry. The results range between c. 100 and 90 Ma, indicating a short‐lived period of subduction. Combined with already published data, our estimates of metamorphic conditions indicate a field gradient with increasing pressure and temperature from the northwest to the southeast, where the rocks experienced ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphism. The P‐T conditions of the eclogites generally lie on the ‘warm’ side of the global range of subduction‐zone metamorphic conditions. The oldest Cretaceous eclogites (c. 100 Ma) are found in the Saualpe‐Koralpe area derived from widespread gabbros formed during Permian to Triassic rifting. In the Texel Complex garnets showing two growth phases yielded a Variscan‐Eoalpine mixed age indicating re‐subduction of Variscan eclogite‐bearing continental crust during the Eoalpine orogeny. Jurassic blueschist‐facies metamorphism at Meliata in the Western Carpathians and Cretaceous eclogite‐facies metamorphism in the Austroalpine are separated by a time gap of c. 50 Ma and therefore do not represent a transition from oceanic to continental subduction but rather separate events. Thus, we propose that subduction initiation was intracontinental at the site of a Permian rift.
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