Zusammenfassung
Ein wichtiger Faktor in der Pathogenese der Akne vulgaris ist die duktale Hyperproliferation der Talgdrüsen. Diese beginnt mit der Bildung unsichtbarer Mikrokomedonen und führt im ...weiteren Verlauf zur Ausbildung sowohl entzündlicher als auch nicht‐entzündlicher klinischer Läsionen. Die Mikrokomedonen stehen am Anfang der zyklischen Entwicklung einer Akne, die als Komedogenese bezeichnet wird. Mikrokomedonen können mithilfe von Cyanoacrylat‐Hautablösungen, Elektronenmikroskopie, konfokaler Reflexionsmikroskopie und anderen Techniken nachgewiesen werden. Es wird angenommen, dass die Dichte und Größe von Mikrokomedonen positiv mit dem Schweregrad der Akne korreliert. Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist es, die Ursachen der Akne zusammenzufassen und darauf hinzuweisen, dass die Behandlung von Mikrokomedonen zumindest teilweise Akneläsionen beseitigen und Rückfälle verhindern könnte.
Cutibacterium acnes is a major colonizer and inhabitant of human skin and contributes to the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. C. acnes either alone or with Staphylococcus aureus, which also inhabits ...skin, readily forms biofilms that are often tolerant of conventional antibiotics and the host immune system. It was hypothesized that the amphiphilic nature of some fatty acids (FAs) inhibit C. acnes or mixed biofilm formation.
The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of 24 saturated and unsaturated FAs were investigated against C. acnes as well as a mixture of the bacteria C. acnes and S. aureus.
Anti-biofilm assays, antimicrobial assays, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, extracellular polymeric substance production, and microbial adherence to hydrocarbon assay were utilized to elucidate how active FAs influence biofilm development.
Seventeen FAs at 20 µg/ml inhibited C. acnes biofilm formation by 60–99%. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 20 FAs were ≥ 500 µg/ml but 4 medium-chain FAs had MICs in a range 15 to 200 µg/ml. Interestingly, myristoleic acid inhibited biofilm formation at 1 μg/ml. Myristoleic acid also inhibited the formation of S. aureus and mixed C. acnes/S. aureus biofilms. FAs reduced C. acnes hydrophobicity and we found this was generally correlated with their antibiofilm forming efficacies. Transcriptional analyses showed that myristoleic acid modulates the expression of several biofilm-related genes such as lipase, hyaluronate lyase, and virulence-related genes.
This study shows myristoleic acid and other FAs inhibit biofilm formation by C. acnes and mixed biofilm formation by C. acnes and S. aureus. Hence, myristoleic acid might be useful for treating or preventing acne and C. acnes associated diseases.
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Sapindus saponins are obtained from the outer bark of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. (S. mukorossi), and they have become an interesting subject in the search for new anti-acne agents without resistance. ...This study aimed to screen the synergistic antibacterial combination from Sapindus saponins and investigated the synergistic antibacterial action via targeting the cell membrane of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) to reduce the effective dose. The combination of Sapindoside A and B (SAB) was obtained with synergistic activity against C. acnes. SAB led to the leakage of ions and disturbed the membrane morphology of C. acnes. The spectral features of cell membrane composition showed obvious changes based on Raman spectroscopy, and changes in membrane protein microenvironment were also observed by fluorescence spectroscopy. Among the above results, the contribution of Sapindoside A was greater than that of Sapindoside B to the synergistic combination of SAB. Furthermore, molecular docking demonstrated that Sapindoside A interacted with penicillin-binding protein 2, playing an important role in peptidoglycan synthesis for the cross wall, and showed a higher binding score than Sapindoside B, further indicating that the greater contribution in the synergistic action of SAB on membrane proteins. Collectively, these results showed that the synergistic antibacterial action of SAB against C. acnes could be achieved by attacking cell membrane, and Sapindoside A played a major role, suggesting that SAB has the potential to be the natural anti-acne agent additive in the cosmetic industry.
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•Synergistic combination of Sapindoside A and B (SAB) inhibited Cutibacterium acnes.•SAB disturbed the membrane characteristics and morphology of Cutibacterium acnes.•Spectral features of membrane composition changed greatly based on Raman spectroscopy.•Changes in the membrane protein microenvironment were observed.•Contribution of Sapindoside A was greater than that of Sapindoside B in the SAB.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease. The main initiating mechanisms of AD are disruptions in the skin microbiota, dysfunction of the skin barrier, and ...predominantly elevated type 2 immune responses. Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes ) is a commensal bacterium that is ubiquitous and predominant in healthy skin and shows intraspecific subtype diversity. The abundance of C. acnes is closely related to the sebum secreted by sebaceous glands. C. acnes has long been considered a proinflammatory skin bacterium that drives the development of acne vulgaris. Growing evidence indicates that C. acnes promotes skin microbiota homeostasis and skin barrier maintenance; however, the potential role of C. acnes in AD remains largely unexamined. This review provides the latest information on the distribution of C. acnes and its phylotypes in healthy skin and AD as well as an overview of the possible role of C. acnes in the pathophysiological pathways underlying AD. Additionally, the review focuses on new evidence regarding the protective functions of C. acnes and its metabolites in AD and discusses the potential for therapeutic applications.
Periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) of the shoulder are a devastating complication of shoulder arthroplasty and are commonly caused by Staphylococcus and Cutibacterium acnes. Absorbable calcium ...sulfate (CS) beads are sometimes used for delivering antibiotics in PJI. This study evaluates the in vitro effect of different combinations of gentamicin, vancomycin, and ertapenem in beads made from CS cement on the growth of C acnes and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) strains.
Three strains of C acnes and 5 strains of CNS from clinically proven shoulder PJI were cultured and plated with CS beads containing combinations of vancomycin, gentamicin, and ertapenem. Plates with C acnes were incubated anaerobically while plates with Staphylococcus were incubated aerobically at 37 °C. Zones of inhibition were measured at intervals of 3 and 7 days using a modified Kirby Bauer technique, and beads were moved to plates containing freshly streaked bacteria every seventh day. This process was run in triplicate over the course of 56 days. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS v. 28 with repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and pairwise comparisons with Tukey correction.
In experiments with C acnes, beads containing ertapenem + vancomycin and vancomycin alone formed the largest zones of inhibition over time (P < .001). In experiments with Staphylococcus, beads containing vancomycin alone formed the largest zones of inhibition over time for all 5 strains (P < .001). Zones of inhibition were 1.4x larger for C acnes than for Staphylococcus with beads containing vancomycin alone. For both C acnes and Staphylococcus, beads containing ertapenem had the strongest initial effect, preventing all bacterial growth in C acnes and almost all growth for Staphylococcus during the first week but dropping substantially by the second week. Beads containing gentamicin alone consistently created smaller zones of inhibition than beads containing vancomycin alone, with vancomycin producing zones 5.3x larger than gentamicin in C acnes and 1.3x larger in Staphylococcus (P < .001).
These data suggest that for both C acnes and Staphylococcal species, CS beads impregnated with vancomycin were most effective at producing a robust antibiotic effect. Additionally, ertapenem may be a viable supplement in order to create a more potent initial antibiotic effect but is not as effective as vancomycin when used alone. Gentamicin alone was not effective in maintaining consistent and long-term antibiotic effects. These results indicate that amongst the antibiotics currently commercially available to be used with CS, vancomycin is consistently superior to gentamicin in the setting of C. acnes and CNS.
Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) solutions effectively reduce Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) on the face, neck, and back in nonoperative settings. This study compared preoperative ...application of BPO vs. chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) in decreasing shoulder C acnes skin burden in surgical patients.
Eighty patients undergoing shoulder surgery were prospectively enrolled in a randomized double-blind trial at 1 institution from August 2015 to April 2017. Participants were randomized to 5% BPO or 4% CHG for 3 consecutive days. The nonoperative shoulder had no intervention and served as the negative control. Skin cultures of both shoulders were obtained via a detergent scrub technique the day of surgery at anterior, lateral, and posterior sites and the axilla.
Fewer positive cultures were obtained from the BPO-treated side compared with the contralateral side (P = .0003), and no change was shown for the CHG group (P = .80). Shoulders treated with BPO showed a statistically significant reduction in C acnes counts compared with CHG at anterior (P = .03) and posterior (P = .005) portal sites. No significant difference was found at the axilla (P = .99) or lateral portal site (P = .08). No postoperative infections or wound complications occurred in either group.
BPO is more effective than CHG at reducing C acnes on the shoulder. Decreasing the skin burden of C acnes may reduce intraoperative wound contamination and postoperative infection. BPO should be considered as an adjunctive preoperative skin preparation considering its potential benefit, low risk, and low cost.
Abstract Cutibacterium acnes is a known opportunistic pathogen in orthopedic implant-associated infections (OIAIs). The species of C. acnes comprises distinct phylotypes. Previous studies suggested ...that C. acnes can cause single- as well as multi-typic infections, i.e. infections caused by multiple strains of different phylotypes. However, it is not known if different C. acnes phylotypes are organized in a complex biofilm community, which could constitute a multicellular strategy to increase biofilm strength and persistency. Here, the interactions of two C. acnes strains belonging to phylotypes IB and II were determined in co-culture experiments. No adverse interactions between the strains were observed in liquid culture or on agar plates; instead, biofilm formation in both microtiter plates and on titanium discs was significantly increased when combining both strains. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that both strains co-occurred throughout the biofilm. Transcriptome analyses revealed strain-specific alterations of gene expression in biofilm-embedded cells compared to planktonic growth, in particular affecting genes involved in carbon and amino acid metabolism. Overall, our results provide first insights into the nature of dual-type biofilms of C. acnes , suggesting that strains belonging to different phylotypes can form biofilms together with additive effects. The findings might influence the perception of C. acnes OIAIs in terms of diagnosis and treatment.
The contribution of bacterial infection to chronic low back pain and its treatment with antibiotics have generated considerable controversy in literature. If efficacious, antibiotics have the ...potential to transform the treatment of chronic low back pain in a significant subset of patients. Some microbiology studies of disc tissue from patients with CLBP have shown that bacteria are present, most likely due to infection, while others conclude they are absent or if found, it is due to surgical contamination. Clinical studies testing the efficacy of oral antibiotics to treat CLBP have either shown that the treatment is efficacious leading to significantly reduced pain and disability or that their effect is modest and not clinically significant. Critical review of the literature on CLBP, bacterial infection and treatment with antibiotics identified five well-designed and executed microbiology studies characterizing bacteria in disc samples that demonstrate that bacteria do infect herniated disc tissue, but that the bacterial burden is low and may be below the limits of detection in some studies. Two randomized, controlled clinical trials evaluating oral antibiotics in patients with CLBP indicate that for certain subsets of patients, the reduction in pain and disability achieved with antibiotic therapy may be significant. In patients for whom other therapies have failed, and who might otherwise progress to disc replacement or fusion surgery, antibiotic therapy may well be an attractive option to reduce the individual suffering associated with this debilitating condition. Additional clinical research is recommended to refine the selection of patients with CLBP caused or complicated by bacterial infection and most likely to respond to antibiotics, to optimize antibiotic therapy to maximize patient benefit, to minimize and manage side effects, and to address legitimate concerns about antibiotic stewardship.
Acne is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease in adolescence. The involvement of cosmetically important zones inevitably leads to decrease in our patients' quality of life. This review considers ...modern methods of skin microbiota analysis, describes the microorganisms' composition in newborns and its changes during growing-up. Cutibacterium acnes (that dominates in the microbiota of skin areas with sebaceous glands) role in acne pathogenesis is described.
In 2016, division of the genus Propionibacterium into four distinct genera was proposed. As a consequence, the species Propionibacterium acnes was transferred to Cutibacterium gen. nov. as ...Cutibacterium acnes comb. nov. The three recently proposed subspecies of P. acnes were not, however, accommodated in this proposal. Following a very recent validation of a new combination for C. acnessubsp.defendens and an automatically created C. acnessubsp.acnes, we now propose the new combination, C. acnessubsp. elongatum comb. nov. The type strain of Cutibacterium acnes subsp. elongatum is JCM 18919
(=NCTC 13655
). On the basis of further genomic and phenotypic (haemolysis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry) analyses of these subspecies, we also provide emended descriptions of the genus Cutibacterium Scholz and Kilian 2016, C. acnessubsp.acnes (Gilchrist 1900) Nouioui et al. 2018, and C. acnessubsp.defendens (McDowell et al. 2016) Nouioui et al. 2018.
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