This paper addresses the changes in the number of primary school students in school areas of the Bjelovar-Bilogora County. It thereby tackles demography in general and school demography in ...particular. The author has studied the subject in the context of demographic changes in the Republic of Croatia, and proved that since the early 1960s, there has been a continuous decrease in natural population growth as a consequence of a decreasing birth rate, negative migration rate, and changes in the population structure reflected in a decrease in the young population against an increase in the old population. The war aggression on Croatia (1991–1995) has led to a decrease in the total population number. The author concluded that negative general trends were occurring in all parts of the country (in the counties), causing a decrease in the number of primary school students. On a sample of 26 regular primary schools in the Bjelovar-Bilogora County, the author has studied changes in the number of students between schoolyears 1969-70 and 2018-19, with a particular emphasis on changes in the five school areas. Research results have shown that the number of inhabitants had been reduced by 47,835 (28.6%) between the censuses of 1961 and 2011, which led to a decrease in the number of primary school students by 10,323 (54.9%) in the schoolyear 2018-19 in comparison with the schoolyear 1969-70. General changes related to the population on the whole, as well as the total number of school students, have caused changes – or rather a decrease – in the number of students in all school areas. In the Grubišno Polje school area, the most significant decrease in the number of students in the studied period was recorded – 72.7%. The figures in other school areas are as follows: Daruvar 66.1%; Garešnica 58.1%; Čazma 53.7%; Bjelovar 40.8%. Based on the entrance (number of first-grade students) and the exit (number of eighth-grade students) figures, it has been estimated that the process of the decrease in the number of students will in the forthcoming decade continue – both at the county level and at the level of the five studied school areas.
Autor u tekstu donosi informacije o identitetu češke nacionalne manjine na području Grubišnog Polja. Na temelju arhivske građe iz Hrvatskoga državnog arhiva, građe iz Državnog zavoda za statistiku i ...iz Instituta za etnologiju i folkloristiku u Zagrebu, intervjua s pripadnicima češke nacionalne manjine te dostupne literature, autor donosi informacije o etničkoj strukturi naselja naseljenih Česima u okolici Grubišnog Polja, stanju nacionalne svijesti Čeha nekada i danas, sjećanju na doseljavanje na grubišnopoljsko područje i međunacionalnim odnosima. U zaključku donosi spoznaje o današnjem stanju nacionalnog identiteta Čeha u okolici Grubišnog Polja. Posebno se bavi selima Ivanovo Selo, Rastovac, Gornja Rašenica, Donja Rašenica, Treglava i Munije.
Župa Žminj bila je dijelom Porečke biskupije, a u državnome smislu potpadala je pod Habsburško Carstvo tijekom 18. stoljeća. U članku je predstavljen vjerski i društveni život ove rimokatoličke župe ...osobito pred kraj prve polovine spomenutoga stoljeća. U prvome redu predstavljene su onodobne crkvene strukture na razini zbornoga kaptola i župe. Donose se kratki biografski podatci o tada djelatnim svećenicima, ukazuje se na etnički sastav župe posredstvom prezimena klerika i laika u vidu gastalda i upravitelja oltara i crkava te se opisuju hodočašća, procesije i ostale pobožnosti koje su karakterizirale ovo mjesto u spomenutome vremenu. Članak se temelji – osim na literaturi – ujedno i na neobjavljenim vrelima, poglavito vizitacijskim zapisnicima i matičnim knjigama župe Žminj.
U radu se donosi neobjavljeni popis stanovništva grada Omiša s predgrađem iz 1799. godine. Raščlanjuje se i prikazuje omiška društvena struktura: od pripadnika plemićkog, građanskog do pučkog staleža ...– koji su obrađeni kroz sastav, uređenje obitelji i kućanstva, te, ograničeno, njihova demografska obilježja. Pripadnici duhovnog staleža: svećenstvo i redovništvo (dvije ženske redovničke kuće) različito su iskazani – kroz stalešku pripadnost i njihove oblike življenja. Ovim popisom stanovništva doprinosi se zornijoj slici Omiša s predgrađem na kraju 18. stoljeća – u vrijeme Prve austrijske uprave u Dalmaciji.
Promjene u demografskoj strukturi, pandemijsko razdoblje, značajan porast stope inflacije i drugi izazovi u gospodarskom i društvenom okruženju potenciraju važnost učinkovitog provođenja socijalne ...politike, odnosno ostvarivanja njezinih ciljeva. Uslijed sve većih socijalnih rizika, pred donositelje odluka postavljeni su brojni zahtjevi sa svrhom očuvanje socijalne dobrobiti. U radu će se, stoga, utvrditi osnovna kretanja u pojedinim područjima socijalne politike te prepoznati važnost sinergijskog učinka različitih ekonomskih politika. Naglasak se stavlja na fiskalnu politiku, koja, u općoj sinergiji s monetarnom politikom, omogućuje kvalitetno ostvarivanje socijalnih ciljeva. Također, promatra se sinergijski učinak različitih mjera porezne politike. Analiza se temelji na mjerama porezne politike koje su imale utjecaj na ukupni socijalni položaj hrvatskih poreznih obveznika kako bi se dokazala hipoteza da je ciljanim mjerama porezne politike također moguće ostvariti socijalne ciljeve.
Demographic situation of Lithuania has deteriorated for more than two decades and continues to be very difficult. Data of the vital statistics and of various sample surveys are commonly used for an ...assessment of the demographic situation. Meanwhile, a very rich data of population census of the entire population are employed only rarely. Therefore, this study has several aims. The main aim of the study is to obtain the new knowledge on demographic development of Lithuania using census data and to reveal the impact of long-term historical changes of socio-demographic structures of population and demographic processes on current demographic situation as well as their possible continuity in the future. Other important aim of this study is to draw attention of researchers and public policy-makers to the rich population census data which allow to understand the demographic situation not only on the total population level but also on various socio-demographic segments and in the long-term context of the demographic development. The information basis of this study includes: first, the micro-data of the Lithuanian 2011 population and housing census which have been a major source of the research; second, for the comparative analysis, the micro-data of Lithuanian 2001 population and housing census have been used; third, available and comparable aggregate data of previous censuses (1989, 1979, 1970, 1959, 1923, and 1897), which permit to disclose demographic trends in the long historical perspective, have been analyzed. The study consists of three parts: the first part – “Socio-demographic composition of Lithuanian population” (by the age, education, ethnicity, foreign born population); the second part – “The changes in the demographic processes” (marital behaviour and fertility); and the third part – “The empirical sources and methodology of the study.” ...
V Sloveniji se migracije obravnavajo v skoraj vseh geografskih učbenikih za različne stopnje izobraževanja. V učbenikih za osnovno šolo od šestega do devetega razreda učenci pridobivajo znanje o ...migracijah po induktivni poti. Zahtevnost obravnave in količina informacij se s starostno stopnjo stopnjujeta. V gimnazijskem programu je učna pot pridobivanja znanja o migracijah deduktivna. Največ pozornosti je migracijam namenjeno v učbenikih obče geografije. V učbenikih za negimnazijske programe se migracije obravnavajo v manjši meri, pristopi pa niso enotni.
Demografski su trendovi i pokazatelji te brojni dosadašnji stručni i znanstveni objavljeni radovi jasno upozoravali na hrvatsku demografsku stvarnost, koju obilježava demografski i migracijski ...nesklad vidljiv praktički u cijelom hrvatskom društvu i prostoru. Potvrda je stigla i s objavom službenih rezultata popisa stanovništva 2021. godine i razinom depopulacije, ali posebno i s objavom prirodnog pada stanovništva posljednje tri godine. Provedena anketna ispitivanja javnog mijenja 2019. i 2020. godine o stavovima ispitanika o emigraciji i najnovija 2022. u okviru Projekta, također jasno potvrđuju nastavak depopulacije, prirodnog pada, nestanka učenika osnovnih i srednjih škola, pražnjenja hrvatskih ruralnih prostora, ugrožavanja osnovnih sustava i razvojne neizvjesnosti. Demografski se i migracijski nesklad treba početi ublažavati kao strateško nacionalno pitanje prema obama revitalizacijskima poticajnim modelima: klasičnom populacijskom politikom i selektivnom imigracijskom u interesu hrvatske razvojne budućnosti.
Demographic trends and indicators, as well as numerous expert and scientificworks published earlier, clearly indicate Croatian demographic reality, markedby demographic and migration disparity that is visible practically in the entiretyof Croatian society and area. This has been confirmed with the publication ofthe official results of the 2021 population census and is also visible in the levelof depopulation, particulary with the publication of the natural decline of thepopulation over the last three years. Public opinion polls on respondents’ viewson emigration conducted in 2019 and 2020, alongside the latest poll conductedin 2022 within the framework of the Project, also clearly confirm processes thatare present: continued depopulation, natural decline, disappearance of primaryand secondary school students, emptying of Croatian rural areas, endangermentof basic systems and uncertain nature of development. Demographic and mi-gration disparity should be mitigated as a strategic national issue according tothe two revitalization incentive models - classic population policy and selectiveimmigration, in the interest of the future of Croatia’s development.
U ovom se radu analizira značaj stanovništva u cilju razvoja poljoprivrede Županije Zapadnohercegovačke. Tijekom 20. stoljeća zabilježena je snažnu vanjska i unutarnja migracija koja je prvenstveno ...bila uzrokovana gospodarskim i političkim obilježjima. Zbog agrarne prenaseljenosti, visokog prirodnog prirasta seoskog stanovništva i krize
u agrarnoj proizvodnji kao i pogoršanja društveno-gospodarskih prilika stanovništvo je bilo primorano na iseljavanje. Ubrzana deagrarizacija i deruralizacija u većini zemalja nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata nisu bili adekvatno propraćeni otvaranjem novih radnih mjesta u sekundarnim i tercijarnim djelatnostima. Društveno-gospodarske prilike nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata poticale su preseljenje iz pasivnih ruralnih krajeva u urbane centre. Ta neravnoteža
znatno je doprinijela destabilizaciji i depopulaciji ruralnih krajeva. Suvremeni demografski procesi nisu utjecali samo na prerazmještaj stanovništva i njegovu strukturu već i na transformaciju prostora te napuštanje nekadašnjih poljoprivrednih i pašnjačkih površina. Depopulaciju i izumiranje pojedinih naselja nije moguće zaustaviti, stoga nije realno očekivati njihov oporavak. S obzirom na suvremene demografske trendove velika je vjerojatnost da će poljoprivreda kao i neka naselja u brdsko-planinskim područjima mnogih zemalja u potpunosti izumrijeti.
This paper analyzes the importance of population studies for agricultural development of the West Herzegovina County. During the 20th
century, strong external and internal migration was recorded, which was
primarily caused by economic and political characteristics. Due to agrarian overpopulation, high natural population growth and the crisis in agricultural production as well as deteriorating socio-economic conditions, the population was forced to emigrate. Accelerated deagrarization and deruralization in most post-World War II countries were not adequately accompanied by the creation of new jobs in secondary
and tertiary activities. Socio-economic conditions after World War II encouraged relocation from passive rural areas to urban centers. This imbalance has significantly contributed to the destabilization and depopulation of rural areas. Modern demographic processes have affected not only the relocation of the population and its structure, but also the transformation of space and the abandonment of former agricultural and pasture areas. Depopulation and extinction of certain settlements cannot be stopped, so
it is not realistic to expect their recovery. Taking modern demographic
trends into consideration, it is very likely that agriculture as well as some settlements in the hilly and mountainous areas of many countries
will disappear completely.
This article is a part of wider investigation. Its goal is to reconstruct the view of Plungė (in the 18th century – Plungėnai) parish community structure, the interaction of its social groups and ...routine life. The main source of research is three Plungė Catholic parish register books from 1697 to 1741. One of these books was written in Lithuanian (Samogitian). The study should be described as a local social microhistory. In the period from 1697 to 1741, Plungė town and parish experienced drastic changes. The growth of population number started from the second half of the 17th century was cut off in the middle of 1710. Plungė plague outbreak occurred in June–July of 1710. It reduced the population of the parish apparently by half and stopped the growth potential for about 25 years. In most cases all babies of the period were baptized just a few days after birth. The time of infant baptism and marriage showed that the community functioned following religious norms: sexual activity reduction during the Advent and Lent. The number of illegitimate children generally was not large. The striking increase in the number of illegitimate children in the 1st decade of the 18th century seems to have been associated with the dislocation of military units in the town. The registers of the period concerned show a high percentage of widows’ marriages: 39% of all marriages were held between persons either one or both widowed. On average, the wedding age was 105 20.5 years for girls, and 23.1 years for boys. Metrics records showed great geographical mobility of Plungė parish population, particularly striking the migration from village to town and back. Nearly a third of all the marriages were concluded between representatives of different parishes (mostly from Samogitian diocese). There were arrivals from distant countries: Rus’, Poland, Moskovia (Russia), Livonia and Germany. Often, they married locals and settled in Plungė parish. Social mobility occurred relatively freely migrating from peasant status to townsfolk status (due to marriage). We can suspect quite frequent lower nobility (from okolicas) marriage with peasants and town inhabitants, whereas high nobility did not enter such marriages.
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