Abstract
The Hirschman‐inspired literature on exit and voice often assume that citizens of a highly restrictive, autocratic regime exercise few options to exit the country (‘border crossing’) or to ...voice their discontent. This assumption neglects a sustained economic crisis, which exposes the limitations of traditional, state‐run organizations and increases public demand for border crossings. To survive such a crisis, we theorize that more‐authoritarian (autocratic) regimes encourage
bounded
exit (crossing) options that tie citizens legally and financially to the incumbent country; and that
bounded
exit options enhance citizen voices in the autocratic regime and help alter incumbent rules. We formulate our theory both deductively and inductively: deductively from the literatures on exit and voice, crises (critical junctures), historical institutionalism, and communist autocracies; and inductively from published data related to North Korea. We develop and assess propositions with secondary analysis of governmental statistics and the literature on North Korea's famine (1994–98), border crossings and marketization. Data limitations notwithstanding, this paper outlines a theoretically novel pathway linking crisis, exit, voice, rules changes and autocratic regimes.
"This story of hope for both immigrants and native-born Americans is a well-researched, insightful, and illuminating study that provides compelling evidence to support a policy of homegrown human ...investment as a new priority. A timely, valuable addition to demographic and immigration studies. Highly recommended." -Choice
Virtually unnoticed in the contentious national debate over immigration is the significant demographic change about to occur as the first wave of the Baby Boom generation retires, slowly draining the workforce and straining the federal budget to the breaking point. In this forward-looking new book, noted demographer Dowell Myers proposes a new way of thinking about the influx of immigrants and the impending retirement of the Baby Boomers. Myers argues that each of these two powerful demographic shifts may hold the keys to resolving the problems presented by the other.
Immigrants and Boomerslooks to California as a bellwether state-where whites are no longer a majority of the population and represent just a third of residents under age twenty-to afford us a glimpse into the future impact of immigration on the rest of the nation. Myers opens with an examination of the roots of voter resistance to providing social services for immigrants. Drawing on detailed census data, Myers demonstrates that long-established immigrants have been far more successful than the public believes. Among the Latinos who make up the bulk of California's immigrant population, those who have lived in California for over a decade show high levels of social mobility and use of English, and 50 percent of Latino immigrants become homeowners after twenty years. The impressive progress made by immigrant families suggests they have the potential to pick up the slack from aging boomers over the next two decades. The mass retirement of the boomers will leave critical shortages in the educated workforce, while shrinking ranks of middle-class tax payers and driving up entitlement expenditures. In addition, as retirees sell off their housing assets, the prospect of a generational collapse in housing prices looms. Myers suggests that it is in the boomers' best interest to invest in the education and integration of immigrants and their children today in order to bolster the ranks of workers, taxpayers, and homeowners America they will depend on ten and twenty years from now.
In this compelling, optimistic book, Myers calls for a new social contract between the older and younger generations, based on their mutual interests and the moral responsibility of each generation to provide for children and the elderly. Combining a rich scholarly perspective with keen insight into contemporary political dilemmas,Immigrants and Boomerscreates a new framework for understanding the demographic challenges facing America and forging a national consensus to address them.
Abstract Taking the case of the Netherlands, we compare integration outcomes of the traditional asylum reception system (implementing the Refugee Convention), applied to, for example, Syrians and ...Afghans, and the EU’s Temporary Protection Directive (TPD) which is applied to Ukrainians. We show that the TPD is not just less costly for receiving countries but also results in much faster labor market integration. While rapid integration is an important policy goal, the traditional asylum system is not effective, and talents are underutilized. We show how spatial and temporal aspects of the asylum procedures for Common European Asylum System (CEAS) refugees lead to slow integration, while Ukrainians under TPD work immediately and can build connections in Dutch society.
Abstract
This article seeks to explain whether the politics of exit forced by one state on citizens of another in the past influence the politics of entry of present ethnic nation‐states. It ...concentrates on the
Karta Polaka
(Card of a Pole), originally enacted in Poland in 2007 within the framework of the politics of belonging as a response to the perceived moral duty towards ethnic Poles “left behind” in the former Soviet Union. With time, this policy has evolved to become Poland's entry policy of choice for incoming ethnic Poles from the diaspora. Through a review of the literature on politics of belonging, exit, and entry, an analysis of the context and by tracking changes within the law itself, this paper assesses the development and scope of the
Karta Polaka
. The causal effect correlation between the development of entry policies in ethnic nation‐states and the exit policies of another is confirmed.
Abstract
Research with refugees poses particular ethical challenges, especially if data is collected in places where most refugees today live: namely countries neighbouring conflict, ones that are ...sometimes at war with their country of origin and where refugees are exposed to different degrees of legal vulnerability, posing security risks to participants and researchers alike. These challenges are exacerbated when data is collected across countries and includes survey research. The article adds to the emergent literature on ethics in forced displacement by highlighting how security precautions and ethical considerations influence and shape methodological choices. Based on recent fieldwork with Syrian refugees in Lebanon and Turkey in 2018, the article discusses a mixed-methods approach combining in-depth interviews with an individual survey based on multistage cluster sampling, random walks and limited focused enumeration. Advocating for a refugee-centred approach, it elaborates on: (i) how to negotiate ‘ethics in practice’; (ii) how risks and violence influence the choice of fieldwork sites; and (iii) how ethical considerations impact in particular quantitative or mixed-methods studies. It describes the advantages of including members of refugee populations in research teams, as well as open challenges with regard to risks, informed consent, confidentiality, sensitive issues, positionality, advocacy and collaborative writing efforts.
Abstract What post-migration practices of success at the labor market do migrants employ on their way to attaining senior professional positions? This paper offers new insights to the study of ...migration by focusing on success and masculinity among Ethiopian men, a marginalized group in the Israeli labor market. Using findings from 27 semi-structured interviews and six semi-structured interviews with experts or professionals, we investigate the relationships between career success, gender, and migration through a transnational perspective. Migrant success continues to be assessed and viewed primarily through the lenses of the nation-state and integration, in comparison to the native population in general and in the labor market in particular. This paper analyzes the post-migration practices of success described by migrant men who have achieved senior positions in the public sector, with the aim of illuminating the mechanisms and circumstances, as they understand them, that contribute to achieving success. The findings challenge the concept of integration in the context of migrant men’s success which defines success as fitting in and mediocrity rather than excellence both on the personal and societal level. Although limited to Ethiopian men who have achieved labor market success, this study provides an opportunity to demonstrate the value of examining migrant men’s success from the perspective of cultural capital and views migration masculinity as a dynamic concept.
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