In order to discuss dietary change over time by the use of stable isotopes, it is necessary to sort out the underlying processes in isotopic variation. Together with the dietary signal other ...processes have been investigated, namely metabolic processes, collagen turnover and physical growth. However, growth and collagen turnover time have so far been neglected in dietary reconstruction based on stable isotopes. An earlier study suggested that cave bears (Ursus spelaeus) probably gave birth to cubs during dormancy. We provide an estimate of the effect on stable isotopes of growth and metabolism and discuss collagen turnover in a population of cave bears. Based on a quantitative model, we hypothesized that bear cubs lactated their mothers during their first and second winters, but were fed solid food together with lactation during their first summer. This demonstrates the need to include physical growth, metabolism and collagen turnover in dietary reconstruction. Whereas the effects of diet and metabolism are due to fractionation, growth and collagen turnover are dilution processes.
The most topical Middle Paleolithic site in Slovenia is presented in full and discussed in detail in this series. The Divje Babe I cave site became famous for the archaeological discovery of what ...current investigations indicate could be the oldest flute, made of the bone of a cave bear, yet discovered. The principal part of the compilation is dedicated to a typological, technological, acoustic and musicological discussion of the remarkable find. Individual chapters present the stratigraphy, chronology, fauna and flora from the site, in addition to the Paleolithic material finds (however, only up to the layer including the bone flute). The book incorporates the first abridged and summarized determinations from the current archaeological excavations, which are not yet concluded. In addition to the editor, who is also the author and coauthor of the majority of chapters, the following individuals also provided contributions to the series: G. Bastiani, M. Culiberg, J. Dirjec, B. Kavur, B. Kryštufek, T.-L. Ku, D. Kunej, D. E. Nelson, M. Omrzel-Terlep and A. Šercelj.
The reconstruction of bone and antler points is the first step towards statistical enquiry into the totality of points in a region.There were two aims in this article. First, to note a method of ...reconstruction on the basis of buckling and calculation by strength of material. Secondly, with the reconstruction of the Divje babe points, a practical application is displayed. Many problems are explained, particularly those of multiple fractures and the base splitting diagnostics. The points of Divje babe have analogies among the Aurignacian points of Istállóskő and Dzeravá skala. The Mousterian points can be compared to some very old finds at Vogelherd and Lieglloch. These comparisons are of mutual use.The theoretical basis is accessible on the web site (Annexe Théorie: http://site.voila.fr/horusitzkymusic1). But theory can-not deal with the majority of situations, such as the variable sections of the points or eccentric impact or lack of rigidity in the hafting. Practical solutions are proposed to determine the zones of rupture and the length of the missing fragments. Nonetheless the method is not infallible: a level of competence by the archaeologist is required to define the initial conditions and to choose between the possible reconstruction options.
Prispevek obravnava kronologijo mlajšega pleistocena (MIS5-3, ”izotopske stopnje” 5-3) v Sloveniji na podlagi paleolit-skih jamskih najdišč. Glavni poudarek članka je na metodolo-giji in ...terenskih tehnikah. V prvem delu je podan kritičen pregledstanja do leta 1990, ko je avtor prevzel vodenje paleolitskihraziskav. V drugem delu so predstavljeni nova kronologija inustrezni stratotipi najdišča Divje babe I. Najbolje je predstav-ljen stratotip MIS 3. S pomočjo kronometrije in klimatokro-nologije je najdišče primerjal tudi z drugimi stratotipi virmskepoledenitve
Extended description:
Oddaja predstavlja izsledke slovenskih arheologov v Divjih babah nad Idrijco, najdbi znamenite piščali iz stegnenice mladega jamskega medveda. V oddaji sodelujejo dr. Ivan Turk ...in Drago Kunej z Etnomuzikološkega inštituta ZRC SAZU. Piščal iz Divjih bab je starejša od vseh do sedaj znanih paleolitskih piščali na svetu in obenem prva, ki je zanesljivo izdelek neandertalca. Koščena piščal je bila odkrita leta 1995 v podzemni jami Divje babe v bližini Cerknega med sistematičnimi izkopavanji arheologa dr. Ivana Turka.
The flute from Divje babe is older than any previously known Palaeolithic flutes in the world and also the first finding that without a doubt belongs to Neanderthal. This bone flute was discovered in 1995 in an underground cave called Divje babe near Cerkno through the systematic excavation of the archaeologist Dr. Ivan Turk.
Information:
The clip shows the results of the Slovenian archaeology findings near Idrijca in Divje babe, where archaeologists unearthed a famous flute - the oldest musical instrument in the world.
Original language summary:
Posnetek prikazuje izsledke slovenskih arheologov v Divjih babah, med njimi je predstavljena znamenita piščal – najstarejše glasbilo na svetu.
Domnevno piščal iz musterjenskega najdišča Divje babe Iv Sloveniji smo analizirali s pomočjo večrezinskega računal-niškega tomografa (MSCT) in jo ponovno interpretirali v lučidveh hipotez, od ...katerih ena predvideva umeten nastanek lu-kenj in druga naraven. Ugotovili smo, da so bile na diafizi 4luknje, da sta bili vsaj dve narejeni pred poškodbo proksimal-nega in distalnega konca diafize, da zveri niso mogle nareditivseh lukenj, ampak kvečjemu eno. Luknje so zelo verjetno umetne,narejene s kombinirano uporabo kamnitih in preprostih koščenihorodij, najdenih v najdišču Divje babe I. Večina, laho pa tudivse poškodbe, ki so jih na domnevni piščali naredile zveri, sodrugotnega nastanka. Zato ne moremo na podlagi poškodb sklepatio izvoru lukenj in zavrniti hipotezo, ki predvideva njihov umetennastanek.
Divje babe I is a cave site dating back to the Middle to Early Palaeolithic. The layers explored at the site are between 35,000 and 116,000 years old.
A musical instrument, a Neanderthal flute, was ...discovered, some 60,000 years old. The cave sediments contain numerous paleontological remains of more than 50 different animal species. Among these, the fossil remains of cave bear bones stand out in terms of abundance and extinct specimens such as the cave lion and leopard in terms of rarity. The most famous find in the cave dates back to 1995, when the world's oldest musical instrument, a Neanderthal flute, was discovered some 60,000 years old.
In any fossil site, dating the site is essential to understanding the site’s significance, because chronological data permits comparisons with materials from other sites, and ultimately enables ...regional settlement patterns, migration, or evolutionary rates to be determined. A dating method’s ability to date significant fossil materials directly rather than just dating associated sedimentary or rock units adds to its archaeological and paleontological utility. Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating can provide chronometric ages for vertebrate teeth throughout the Pleistocene and late Pliocene. For mollusc shells and coral, ESR’s effective dating range spans much of the Pleistocene.
As such, ESR has been used to assess the evolutionary ranges for both hominids and their associated cultural materials and to solve specific geochronological problems. We discuss several examples where ESR has been used to date Neanderthal burials and skeletal materials, including Mezmaiskaya, Obi-Rakhmat, and Pradayrol, as well as dating for cultural materials from pebble tool cultures, Mousterian, and Middle Paleolithic sites. In each case, ESR has provided vital geochronological data, in some cases, where no other methods were applicable.
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