The study aimed to investigate the effect of modification of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench sprouts by probiotic yeast strain on their nutritional value related to protein and starch. For this purpose, ...an attempt was also made to 1) evaluate the digestibility of protein and starch and 2) examine anti-nutritional factors that may affect the digestibility of the indicated macronutrients. Probiotic-rich sprouts were characterized by the highest content of total protein, free amino acids and peptides, resistant starch, and total free sugars. In addition, the amino acid profile of buckwheat sprouts changed compared to seeds. Modified buckwheat sprouts were characterized by a higher content of sulfur amino acids compared to seeds and control sprouts. The highest methionine content was found in sprouts rich in probiotics, 4.65 ± 0.29 mg/g 16gN. The results show also that the modification reduced protein and starch digestibility by 7.4% and 4.2%, respectively, compared to the seed. The digestibility may have been influenced by anti-nutritional compounds contained in the raw material, i.e. condensed tannins, phenols and α-amylase inhibitor. The presented research gives a new direction for the use of the raw material of buckwheat sprouts.
•Probiotics were used to create the raw material with a changed composition.•Modified buckwheat sprouts showed higher protein digestibility compared to seeds.•Probiotic-rich sprouts showed higher starch digestibility than the control sprouts.•Anti-nutritional compounds affected the digestibility of protein and starch.•The highest content of methionine was found in modified sprouts.
Lignin plays an important role in increasing the mechanical intensity of culm and improving lodging resistance of culm. In this study, three common buckwheat, Youqiao2 (lodging‐tolerant cultivar; ...YQ2), Ningqiao1 (middle lodging‐tolerant cultivar; NQ1) and Ukraine daliqiao (lodging‐susceptible cultivar; UD), were used to investigate the effects of spraying exogenous hormones uniconazole (S‐3307) or gibberellic acid (GA3) on lignin metabolism and its relation to lodging resistance in the three common buckwheat cultivars. Results showed that application of S‐3307 significantly increased lignin content and its related enzymes activities of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL), 4‐hydroxy cinnamoyl CoA ligase (4CL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and peroxidase (POD). The major genes involved in lignin synthesis, PAL, CCR (cinnamyl CoA reductase), C4H (cinnamate4‐hydroxylase), 4CL and CCoAOMT (caffeoyl CoA O‐methyltransferase), were all upregulated expression, and COMT (catechol‐O‐methyltransferase) was downregulated. What is more, application of S‐3307 significantly improved the resistance of common buckwheat stem to lodging and increased yield. Whereas, spraying with GA3 caused opposite effect on those characteristics. These results suggested that application of exogenous S‐3307 or GA3 significantly changed the risk of lodging occurred by regulating the lignin metabolism in culms of common buckwheat.
The germinated seeds of many plants are a natural source of substances that can be used to supplement food and increase its functionality. The seeds’ metabolism may be modified during germination to ...produce specific health-promoting compounds.
Fagopyrum esculentum
Moench is a rich source of nutrients. Buckwheat seeds modified during germination may be helpful as an additive to new functional food products with anti-atherogenic properties. However, their effect and safety should be assessed in
in vivo
studies. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect that adding modified buckwheat sprouts (
Fagopyrum esculentum
Moench) to an atherogenic (high-fat) diet has on the morphology and digestibility parameters of rats. Buckwheat seeds were modified by adding the probiotic strain of the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
var.
boulardii
. The study was carried out on 32 Wistar rats, and digestibility and blood counts were assessed during the experiment. There was no evidence of an adverse effect on the animals' weight gain and nutritional efficiency. However, the influence of diets with freeze-dried buckwheat sprouts on digestibility and morphological parameters was noticed. Fat digestibility registered a statistically significant decrease in the groups fed a high-fat diet with the addition of sprouts. The study shows a new direction in the use of buckwheat sprouts.
Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) is a widely cultivated non-grass cereal. It has a considerable market value with nutritional qualities and ability to treat or prevent cancers, hypertension ...and diabetes (Cawoy et al., 2006). In July-August 2018 and 2019, leaves exhibiting unfamiliar symptoms were observed in Huan County and Huachi County, Gansu, China, with 15% incidence and moderate to severe severity across the field. Initial symptoms consisted of small chlorotic, circular to oval leaf spots. As disease progressed, the spots enlarged and turned light brown to brown with chlorotic margins. When the disease was severe, the leaf spots coalesced and the leaves became prematurely chlorotic and senescent. Spots occurred mostly but not exclusively on older foliage. Diseased tissues were surface sterilized with 75% ethanol for 20 s and 0.1% NaClO for 2 min, placed on PDA medium and incubated at 20 °C for 48-72 h. A total 24 isolates were obtained and purified through single-spore cultures, 19 of which were characterized. Colonies on PDA of all 19 isolates were identical, exhibiting a light gray color, with whitish aerial mycelium that later turned light brown on the reverse of the culture plates, and sporulated sparsely. Conidia were brown colored, cylindrical, and borne singly, often had three main transverse septa, at which points there were conspicuous constrictions, and measured (17-37) μm long × (13-21) μm wide (n=30) in V8 juice agar, (22-38) μm long × (11-19) μm wide (n=30) in PCA, (21-41) μm long × (13-20) μm wide (n=30) in SNA, the mean length/width ratio was 1.6 to 2.0 in V8 juice agar, 1.6 to 2.5 in PCA, 1.3 to 2.2 in SNA. Conidiophores were unbranched, 5.1 to 7.9 μm wide. Dictyospores were produced on well-differentiated conidiophores, the apical cell of conidiophore was slightly to distinctly swollen. Based on morphological features, the isolates were tentatively identified as a member of the Stemphylium vesicarium species complex (Koike et al., 2013; Simmons, 1967). Genomic DNA of representative isolate B1 was extracted, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and calmodulin gene (cmdA) were amplified using ITS1/4, V9G/ITS4, and CALDF1/CALDR1, respectively. The resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank (acc. nos. MT629829, MW406903, MW417122). Nucleotide BLAST similarity analysis of the sequence fragment of ITS and cmdA from isolate B1 resulted in higher than 99% (99.32% for ITS1/4, 100% for V9G/ITS4, and 100% for CALDF1/CALDR1) identity with S. vesicarium strains (GenBank acc. nos. LC512757, MH863402 and MH206181). Based on morphological features and molecular data, the buckwheat isolates were identified as S. vesicarium. To verify pathogenicity, the back side of leaves from six asymptomic plants were inoculated by spraying the spore suspension (104 spores/ml) harvested from isolate B1 grown on V8 juice agar for 20 days. Control plants were sprayed with sterile water. Each plant was covered with a black plastic bag for 48 h and then was kept in a greenhouse. Stemphylium spot symptoms were observed on all inoculated leaves after 14 days, whereas control leaves were symptomless. The pathogen was reisolated from symptomatic leaf spots, micromorphological features and colony characters of the reisolated fungi were identical to the original isolate. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of leaf spot of buckwheat caused by S. vesicarium in China, and the first characterization of a Stemphylium foliar pathogen on this crop.
Buckwheat is known for its aptitude as green manure, as it increases soil’s physical and chemical properties at the same time it has none or very few fertilization requirements besides a fast canopy ...closure and has no ravagers or natural enemies documented in Brazil. This crop has the potential to fill an empty period known as the “Autumn gap” in Southern Brazil, which is characterized by the low or no forage offer at all, justified by the fact its forage has the same quality as that of a grass forage, besides, its grains, highly nutritious, can also be consumed by humans, ruminants, or non-ruminants. This review aims to provide relevant information about recent buckwheat research to make it a viable alternative for the Autumn gap.
Background
. Various plant hormones are used (cytokinins, auxins) to increase the regeneration efficiency and the net reproduction rate of buckwheat
in vitro
. However, the growth and development ...rates of plantlets have been noted to be low under these conditions. For this reason, search for the plant extracts that are able to stimulate the regenerative ability of plants is a promising direction of biotechnological research.
Materials and methods
. Aseptic single-node cuttings of common buckwheat plantlets (varieties Dikul and Izumrud) were grown on MS nutrient media with plant extracts from
Fagopyrum esculentum
and
Reynoutria japonica
(0.1, 0.5, and 1%) for 21 days. The following morphobiological paramaters of the plantlets were evaluated: plant height, the number of internodes, the number of leaves, leaf length, and the number and length of roots.
Results
. Dealcoholized aqueous solutions of the extracts from
F. esculentum
and
R. japonica
in the studied concentrations (0.1-1%) significantly stimulated the growth and development of the buckwheat plantlets increasing their net reproduction rate (4.00-6.00) and rhizogenesis. The media with the plant extracts in concentrations of 0.1-0.5% were observed to produce the strongest positive effect. As the result, the morphobiological characteristics of the plantlets and the success rate of the micropropagation were the highest.
This section describes a set of methods for callus induction followed by the successful regeneration of whole plants and obtaining a culture of transgenic hairy roots from buckwheat plants (Fagopyrum ...esculentum Moench.). Callus induction and regeneration are key steps for many biotechnological, genetic, and breeding approaches, such as genetic modification, production of biologically active compounds, and propagation of valuable germplasm. Induction of hairy roots using Agrobacterium rhizogenes is also an important tool for functional gene research and plant genome modification. While many efforts were invested into the development of the corresponding protocols, they are not equally efficient for different cultivars. Here, we have tested and optimized the protocols of callus induction, regeneration, and transformation using A. rhizogenes for a set of cultivars of F. esculentum, including wild ancestor of cultivated buckwheat F. esculentum ssp. ancestrale and a self-pollinated accession KK8. The optimal medium for callus induction is Murashige-Skoog basal medium with 3% sucrose which includes hormones 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2 mg/L and kinetin 2 mg/L; for shoot initiation 6-benzylaminopurine 2 mg/L, kinetin 0.2 mg/L, and indole-3-acetic acid 0.2 mg/L; for shoot multiplication 6-benzylaminopurine 3 mg/L and indole-3-acetic acid 0.2 mg/L; and for root initiation half-strength Murashige-Skoog medium with 1.5% sucrose and indole-3-butyric acid 1 mg/L. A. rhizogenes R1000 strain proved to be the most efficient in inducing hairy roots in buckwheat and T-DNA transfer from binary vectors. Seedling explants cut at the root area and immersed in agrobacterium suspension, as well as prickling the cotyledonary area with agrobacteria dipped syringe needle, are the most labor-effective methods of infection, allowing to initiate hairy root growth in 100% of explants.
In the rosid species Arabidopsis thaliana, the AP2-type AP2 transcription factor (TF) is required for specifying the sepals and petals identities and confers a major A-function to antagonize the ...C-function in the outer floral whorls. In the asterid species Petunia, the AP2-type ROB TFs are required for perianth and pistil development, as well as repressing the B-function together with TOE-type TF BEN. In Long-homostyle (LH) Fagopyrum esculentum, VIGS-silencing showed that FaesAP2 is mainly involved in controlling filament and style length, but FaesTOE is mainly involved in regulating filament length and pollen grain development. Both FaesAP2 (AP2-type) and FaesTOE (TOE-type) are redundantly involved in style and/or filament length determination instead of perianth development. However, neither FaesAP2 nor FaesTOE could directly repress the B and/or C class genes in common buckwheat. Moreover, the FaesAP1_2 silenced flower showed tepal numbers, and filament length decreased obviously. Interestingly, yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase reporter (DR) further suggested that FaesTOE directly up-regulates FaesAP1_2 to be involved in filament length determination in LH common buckwheat. Moreover, the knockdown of FaesTOE expression could result in expression down-regulation of the directly target FaesAP1_2 in the FaesTOE-silenced LH plants. Our findings uncover a stamen development pathway in common buckwheat and offer deeper insight into the functional evolution of AP2 orthologs in the early-diverging core eudicots.
Fagopyrum esculentum
commonly named as buckwheat plant is pseudocereal food crops and healthy herbs but is not known as a bioindicator of environmental condition. In the present study, the effects of ...ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and microparticles (MPs) on plant growth, bioaccumulation, and antioxidative enzyme activity in buckwheat were estimated under hydroponic culture. The significant biomass reduction at concentrations of 10–2,000 mg/L was 7.7–26.4 % for the ZnO NP and 11.4–23.5 % for the ZnO MP treatment, (
p
< 0.05). ZnO NPs were observed in root cells and root cell surface by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Zn bioaccumulation in plant increased with increasing treatment concentrations. The upward translocation (translocation factor <0.2) of Zn in plant was higher with the ZnO NP treatment than that with the ZnO MP treatment. Additionally, reactive oxygen species generation by ZnO NPs was estimated as the reduced glutathione level and catalase activity, which would be a predictive biomarker of nanotoxicity. The results are the first study to evaluate the phytotoxicity of ZnO NPs to medicinal plant.
F
.
esculentum
can be as a good indicator of plant species in NP-polluted environment.
Актуальность.
Гречиха посевная – крупяная культура, обладающая высоким потенциалом генетического улучшения селекционного материала, адаптированного к абиотическим стрессам. На сегодняшний день ...отсутствуют сообщения о получении in vitro устойчивых к высоким дозам цинка и недостатку макроэлементов регенерантов гречихи, в том числе с комплексной устойчивостью к данным стрессорам.
Материалы и методы.
На питательных средах in vitro с добавлением селективного фактора ZnSO
4
× 7 H
2
O в концентрации 808–1313 мг/л культивировали асептические одноузловые черенки полученных регенерантов гречихи посевной сортов ‘Дикуль’ и ‘Изумруд’. Для моделирования минерального голода выжившие растения микроклонировали на питательные среды без макросолей. Оценку морфобиологических признаков и адаптационной реакции микрорастений проводили по следующим показателям: высота растения, число междоузлий, число листьев, длина листовой пласинки, наличие корней и окраска листьев.
Результаты.
Индуцирование прямой регенерации исследуемых сортов гречихи на селективных средах с цинком и минеральным голоданием in vitro показало высокую толерантность отобранных растений к стрессам. По результатам проведенных исследований были выделены устойчивые линии сортов ‘Изумруд’ и ‘Дикуль’. При этом наибольшая стрессоустойчивость выявлена у сорта ‘Дикуль’. Полученные в селективных условиях пробирочные регенеранты гречихи являются перспективным материалом для дальнейшей селекции, а также для исследования возможности их использования в качестве фиторемедиаторов.
Перенести в английский вариант
Background.
Common buckwheat is a cereal crop with high potential for genetic improvement in terms of developing breeding material resistant to abiotic stressors. To date, there have been no reports on in vitro production of buckwheat plantlets resistant to high doses of zinc and a lack of macronutrients.
Materials and methods.
Aseptic single-node cuttings from the obtained regenerated plants of common buckwheat cultivars ‘Dikul’ and ‘Izumrud’ were cultivated in vitro on nutrient media with the addition of the selection factor ZnSO
4
× 7 H
2
O in a concentration of 808–1313 mg/L. Survived plants were microcloned on nutrient media without macrosalts for mineral starvation modeling. Morphological traits and general nonspecific adaptation reactions of the plantlets were evaluated for the following characteristics: plant height, the number of internodes, the number of leaves, leaf blade length, the presence of roots, and leaf color.
Results.
According to the results of the 33-day cultivation of test-tube microcuttings on media with zinc toxicity, 33–91 % of lines resistant to ionic stress were selected in different variants. The secondary testing of the plantlets under conditions of mineral starvation in vitro turned out to be the strongest inhibitory factor for buckwheat. At the same time, high resistance to stress was observed in cv. ‘Dikul’. Cultivation of the obtained buckwheat lines on the MS nutrient medium for two passages showed a sufficiently high level of regeneration in the studied genotypes. The test-tube buckwheat plantlets obtained under selective conditions are promising material for further breeding as well as for studying the possibility of their use as phytoremediators.
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