Superheated steam (SS) was used to improve the milling characteristics of common buckwheat grains during storage. The changes in milling characteristics, pasting properties, micro-mechanical behavior ...and protein-starch interactions of buckwheat during storage were investigated. Results showed that the average particle size, color and pasting viscosities of untreated buckwheat decreased during storage, while the damaged starch content increased significantly. SS slowed down these deteriorations of milling characteristics by alleviating intracellular cleavage of starch during the process of buckwheat milling. SS also kept pasting properties of starch stable during the continuous heating and shearing process. X-ray diffraction showed less variation in crystallinity and stable structure of starch induced by SS. The results from SDS-PAGE and confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that these stabilizations were associated with the disulfide bonds of protein and its interaction with starch granules. It meant SS processing retarded the quality deterioration during storage and protected buckwheat starch against mechanical damage by promoting protein aggregation and letting the starch to be wrapped tightly by the protein, so as to protect the swollen starch granules from disintegration. Therefore, SS processing was potentially applicable for improving milling characteristics of buckwheat.
•Milling characteristics of buckwheat deteriorated during storage.•Superheated steam processing protected buckwheat starch against mechanical damage.•Storage increased intracellular cleavage of endosperm and disulfide cross-linked of protein.•Superheated steam stabilized starch by promoting the starch to be wrapped tightly in protein.•Superheated steam altered the micro-mechanical behavior of the seed coat and starchy endosperm.
Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) is well known for its weed-suppressive ability. This property is probably due to multiple factors such as resource competition, allelopathy and soil property ...modifications. A better understanding of the mechanisms of weed suppression could improve the development of new strategies for weed management using cover crops. In this review, the different factors that could be potentially responsible for weed suppression by common buckwheat are discussed. Special emphasis is put on the role of allelopathy.
Blending of protein sources can increase protein quality by compensating for limiting amino acids present in individual sources, whereas processing grain flours by extrusion or baking can also alter ...protein quality. To determine the effect of baking and extrusion on the protein quality of blended flours from buckwheat and pinto beans, a rodent bioassay was performed and compared to an in vitro method of protein quality determination. Overall, extruded products had higher protein efficiency ratio values, increased digestibility, and greater protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) values than baked products, with the extruded buckwheat/pinto blend having the greatest PDCAAS value of the experimental diets investigated. A correlation was found between both digestibility and PDCAAS values generated from in vitro and in vivo methods. The use of in vitro digestibility analysis should be investigated as a potential replacement for the current rodent assay for nutrient content claim purposes.
Numerous plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) have the potential to inflict considerable damage on agricultural crops. Through a comprehensive survey aimed at identifying PPNs affecting crops, cyst ...nematodes were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). Employing both molecular and morphological techniques, this cyst nematode was conclusively identified as Heterodera ripae. Notably, this represents the first documented occurrence of this particular cyst nematode species within the rhizosphere soil of F. esculentum.
Sourdough bread was prepared from flour of the common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) to follow the transformation of rutin and quercetin in these ...sourdoughs. During Tartary buckwheat sourdough fermentation, there was conversion of rutin to quercetin. The Tartary buckwheat flour contained 14.6 mg/g rutin and 1.9 mg/g quercetin as dry matter. The sourdough starter contained 1.5 mg/g rutin and an unexpectedly high 12.5 mg/g quercetin. The sourdough contained 3.2 mg/g rutin and 8.1 mg/g quercetin. In the Tartary buckwheat sourdough bread there was no rutin, whereas there was 5.0 mg/g quercetin. Thus, during the sourdough fermentation, the rutin was completely degraded. However, despite the long fermentation time (sourdough, 10 h; bread dough, 5 h), most of the quercetin remained in the dough and appeared in the baked bread. In contrast to Tartary buckwheat bread, neither rutin nor quercetin was present in common buckwheat bread. Information on the persistence of quercetin in sourdough bread is important for designing breads with high concentrations of flavonoids and good functional value.
•Sourdough breads were made from Tartary and common buckwheat flours.•Quercetin concentration was unexpectedly high in Tartary sourdough starter.•During sourdough fermentation rutin was converted to quercetin.•No rutin or quercetin was present in common buckwheat sourdough bread.•Quercetin was present in Tartary buckwheat bread dry matter at 5.0 mg/g.
Cover crops are increasingly being used for weed management, and planting them as diverse mixtures has become an increasingly popular strategy for their implementation. While ecological theory ...suggests that cover crop mixtures should be more weed suppressive than cover crop monocultures, few experiments have explicitly tested this for more than a single temporal niche. We assessed the effects of cover crop mixtures (5- or 6-species and 14-species mixtures) and monocultures on weed abundance (weed biomass) and weed suppression at the time of cover crop termination. Separate experiments were conducted in Madbury, NH, from 2014 to 2017 for each of three temporal cover-cropping niches: summer (spring planting–summer termination), fall (summer planting–fall termination), and spring (fall planting–subsequent spring termination). Regardless of temporal niche, mixtures were never more weed suppressive than the most weed-suppressive cover crop grown as a monoculture, and the more diverse mixture (14 species) never outperformed the less diverse mixture. Mean weed-suppression levels of the best-performing monocultures in each temporal niche ranged from 97% to 98% for buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) in the summer niche and forage radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger J. Kern.) in the fall niche, and 83% to 100% for triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus Secale × Triticum) in the winter–spring niche. In comparison, weed-suppression levels for the mixtures ranged from 66% to 97%, 70% to 90%, and 67% to 99% in the summer, fall, and spring niches, respectively. Stability of weed suppression, measured as the coefficient of variation, was two to six times greater in the best-performing monoculture compared with the most stable mixture, depending on the temporal niche. Results of this study suggest that when weed suppression is the sole objective, farmers are more likely to achieve better results planting the most weed-suppressive cover crop as a monoculture than a mixture.
Fungal contamination poses at risk the whole food production chain -
from farm to fork
- with potential negative impact on human health. So far, the insurgence of pathogens has been restrained by the ...use of chemical compounds, whose residues have gradually accumulated determining toxic effects in the environment. Modern innovative techniques imply the use of natural and eco-sustainable bioactive plant molecules as pathogens and pests-control agents. These may be profitably recovered in large amounts at the end of industrial milling processes. This is the case of the non-digestible hull of common buckwheat (
Fagopyrum esculentum
Moench), a natural source of polyphenols, tocopherols, phytosterols and fatty acids. We extract these compounds from the hull of buckwheat; apply them to
Aspergillus flavus
- aflatoxin producer - under
in vitro
conditions, checking their ability to inhibit fungal growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis. Moreover, a solvent free method implying the adoption of supercritical CO
2
as solvent was set up to extract lipophilic molecules from the buckwheat’ hulls. Positive results in controlling fungal growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis let infer that the extracts could be further tested also under
in vivo
conditions.
Drought stress has been the main abiotic factor affecting the growth, development and production of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). To explore the response mechanisms of regulating buckwheat ...drought stress on the post-transcriptional and translational levels, a comparative proteomic analysis was applied to monitor the short-term proteomic variations under the drought stress in the seedling stage. From which 593 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified using the TMT-based proteomics analysis. A number of DAPs were found to be intimately correlated with the styrene degradation, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and stimulus response, within which. The acyl-CoA oxidase 4 (ACX4), a key regulator in plant abiotic stress response, was selected for further elucidation. Overexpression of the FeACX4 not only conferred drought and salt tolerance in the Arabidopsis, but also significantly increased the root length and fresh weight in the overexpression lines plant relative to the wild type (WT) plant, accompanied by the elevated activities of catalase (CAT) and lowered malonaldehyde (MDA) and H2O2 contents, therefore allowing plants to better adapt to adverse environments. Our results provided information in the exploring of the molecular regulation mechanism responding to drought tolerance in common buckwheat.
Common buckwheat (
) is an important non-cereal grain crop and a prospective component of functional food. Despite this, the genomic resources for this species and for the whole family Polygonaceae, ...to which it belongs, are scarce. Here, we report the assembly of the buckwheat genome using long-read technology and a high-resolution expression atlas including 46 organs and developmental stages. We found that the buckwheat genome has an extremely high content of transposable elements, including several classes of recently (0.5-1 Mya) multiplied TEs ("transposon burst") and gradually accumulated TEs. The difference in TE content is a major factor contributing to the three-fold increase in the genome size of
compared with its sister species
. Moreover, we detected the differences in TE content between the wild ancestral subspecies
ssp.
and buckwheat cultivars, suggesting that TE activity accompanied buckwheat domestication. Expression profiling allowed us to test a hypothesis about the genetic control of petaloidy of tepals in buckwheat. We showed that it is not mediated by B-class gene activity, in contrast to the prediction from the ABC model. Based on a survey of expression profiles and phylogenetic analysis, we identified the MYB family transcription factor gene tr_18111 as a potential candidate for the determination of conical cells in buckwheat petaloid tepals. The information on expression patterns has been integrated into the publicly available database TraVA: http://travadb.org/browse/Species=Fesc/. The improved genome assembly and transcriptomic resources will enable research on buckwheat, including practical applications.
Modern botanical fungicides should be non-toxic and readily available. Hydrosols are by-products of essential oil distillation with a large potential market size. They are, therefore, suitable ...natural candidates for effective fungicide development. Improving grain quality and safety during storage are significant challenges in the contemporary world. We have therefore tested the possible use of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) hydrosol as an efficient antifungal agent against fungi isolated from buckwheat grain. Fungi from the genus Fusarium were the most susceptible to rosemary hydrosol, as growth inhibition was observed in all tested species by 15 % rosemary hydrosol and in F. graminearum already by 5 % hydrosol concentration. Since there was no inhibitory effect on the germination of buckwheat grain after exposure to rosemary hydrosol, it could potentially be used as an environmentally friendly alternative for suppressing fungal growth on grains.
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