Provider: - Institution: University of Zagreb. Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry. Department of medicinal chemistry. - Data provided by Europeana Collections- U okviru ovog doktorskog rada, koji ...predstavlja nastavak istraživanja o mogućnostima derivatizacije antimalarijskog lijeka primakina (PQ) u Zavodu za farmaceutsku kemiju Farmaceutsko-biokemijskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, sintetizirane su bis-uree PQ 11 te uree i semikarbazoni 12 s velikim arilnim i hidroksialkilnim supstituentima, konjugati PQ i derivata cimetne kiseline (DCK) amidnog 15 i acilsemikarbazidnog tipa 16 te ureidoamidi PQ 20. Većina derivata PQ pripremljena je koristeći benzotriazolsku metodu – klorid 1-benzotriazolkarboksilne kiseline (BtcCl) s nukleofilima daje cijeli niz vrlo reaktivnih prekursora koji su upotrijebljeni u sintezi navedenih derivata PQ. Za pripremu bis-urea 11 primijenjena su dva sintetska pristupa. U prvom pristupu produkti su „rasli” sa semikarbazidne strane, a PQ je ulazio u molekulu zadnji, dok su u drugom pristupu produkti sintetizirani iz zajedničkog prekursora semikarbazida PQ 9. Drugi pristup bio je prikladniji za pripremu cijele serije bis-urea. Derivati PQ 12 sintetizirani su iz benzotriazolida 8, 2c ili 2d i odgovarajućih amina ili izravno iz PQ i izocijanata. PQ-DCK amidi 15 i acilsemikarbazidi 16 pripremljeni su iz odgovarajućih klorida 14 i PQ ili semikarbazida PQ 9. Amidi 15d,e,g pripremljeni su dodatno aminolizom benzotriazolida DCK 13 primakinom. Derivati PQ i aminokiselina ureidoamidi 20 pripravljeni su iz PQ i odgovarajućih amida N-(1-benzotriazolkarbonil)aminokiselina 19.
Svi sintetizirani spojevi karakterizirani su uobičajenim analitičkim i spektroskopskim metodama te im je in vitro ispitano citostatsko djelovanje, kao i antioksidativno djelovanje na temelju sposobnosti redukcije 1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazila (DPPH) te inhibicije lipidne peroksidacije linolne kiseline i lipooksigenaze. Najbolje citostatsko djelovanje na staničnu liniju MCF-7 adenokarcinoma dojke pokazao je spoj 16j, a slijedio ga je 11f s povoljnijim omjerom citostatske aktivnosti i citotoksičnosti. Najjaču sposobnost redukcije DPPH pokazali su spojevi 16d,g,i,j,k, najjači inhibitori lipidne peroksidacije bili su spojevi 20c i 12d, a najsnažniji inhibitor lipooksigenaze bio je spoj 16d. Iz dobivenih rezultata može se zaključiti da su bis-uree i acilsemikarbazidni derivati primakina aktivniji od urea i amida te mogu poslužiti kao vodeći spojevi u razvoju novih citostatika i antioksidansa.- This doctoral thesis describes synthesis of various primaquine (PQ) derivatives: bis-ureas 11, ureas and semicarbazones 12 with bulky aryl or hydroxyalkyl substituents, PQ-cinnamic acid conjugates (PQ-CAD) of the amide 15 and acylsemicarbazide type 16, and ureidoamides 20, as a continuation of the previous work on the derivatization of the antimalarial drug PQ developed at the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry in Zagreb. Most PQ derivatives were prepared utilizing benzotriazole as a synthetic auxiliary – 1-benzotriazolecarboxylic acid chloride (BtcCl) reacts readily with nucleophiles affording a variety of highly reactive synthetic precursors for the synthesis of the title compounds. Two synthetic approaches for the preparation of the PQ bis-ureas 11 were applied. In the first approach, the products grew from the semicarbazide part, and PQ entered the molecule at the final stage. In the second approach, one common precursor PQ semicarbazide 9 was introduced, from which various PQ bis-ureas were prepared. Derivatives 12 were obtained in the reaction of benzotriazolide 8, 2c or 2d with corresponding amines or directly from PQ and isocyanate. PQ-CAD amides 15 and acylsemicarbazides 16 were prepared from the corresponding chlorides 14 and PQ or PQ semicarbazide 9, respectively. Additionally, amides 15d,e,g were obtained by aminolysis of CAD benzotriazolide 13 with PQ. Ureidoamide derivatives of PQ and amino acids 20 were synthesized in the reaction of PQ and corresponding N-(1-benzotriazolecarbonyl)amino acid amides 19.
Common analytical and spectroscopic methods for the characterization of the synthesized compounds were used. Their cytostatic activity, antioxidative activity by DPPH reducing ability, and inhibition of linoleic acid lipid peroxidation and lipoxygenase were evaluated in vitro. The most prominent cytostatic activity on MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cell line was exerted by compound 16j, followed by 11f having more favourable ratio of antiproliferative activity and cytotoxicity. Compounds 16d,g,i,j,k had the strongest DPPH reducing ability, whereas compounds 20c and 12d showed the highest inhibition of linoleic acid lipid peroxidation. The most potent lipoxigenase inhibitor was compound 16d. The obtained results indicate that PQ bis-ureas and acylsemicarbazides are more active than ureas and amides, and therefore could be considered as lead compounds in development of novel cytostatics and antioxidants.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Hrana je glavni izvor izloženosti ljudi esencijalnim i toksičnim metalima, uključujući kadmij (Cd). Cilj istraživanja je bio ...procijeniti učinke peroralne izloženosti Cd tijekom skotnosti štakorice na razdiobu kadmija i stanje mikronutrijenata u majčinom organizmu i fetusu te funkcije posteljice u prijenosu nutrijenata i sintezi steroidnih hormona. Hipoteze istraživanja su bile da se tijekom graviditeta povećava želučanocrijevna apsorpcija Cd koji se nakuplja u posteljici i može poremetiti prijenos nutrijenata do fetusa i sintezu posteljičnih hormona. Pokusne štakorice (Wistar) su nakon parenja izlagane dozi od 50 mg Cd/l (u obliku CdCl2xH2O) u vodi za piće od 1. do 19. ili 20. dana skotnosti. Neskotne štakorice su istodobno izlagane pod jednakim uvjetima izloženosti tijekom 20 dana. Posljednjeg dana pokusa je svim štakoricama u općoj anesteziji izvađena krv iz srca i uzorkovani unutrašnji organi, posteljice i fetusi, koji su pripremljeni za analize mikroelemenata (metodom AAS). Progesteron i testosteron su analizirani imunokemijski izravno u serumu (metodom IEMA) i u uzorcima pripremljenim iz posteljičnog tkiva (metodama IEMA i/ili ELISA). U svih izloženih štakorica su nađena povećanja Cd u svim izmjerenim uzorcima i cinka u jetri. Količine željeza u fetusu i cinka u fetusu i/ili posteljici su bile smanjene. U izloženih skotnih vs. izložene neskotne štakorice su bila izraženija povećanja koncentracije Cd u krvi i količina Cd u jetri i bubregu kao i smanjenja količina željeza u jetri i bubregu te cinka i bakra u bubregu. U svih skotnih vs. neskotne štakorice su bile veće koncentracije Cd u krvi i količine bakra u bubregu te manje količine željeza u jetri i bubregu i bakra u jetri. Nije bilo promjena u steroidnim hormonima ni u serumu, ni u posteljici, u kojoj su vrijednosti svakog hormona izmjerene dvjema imunokemijskim metodama značajno korelirale. U zaključku, ovim radom su dobiveni izvorni podaci o vrijednostima progesterona i testosterona (kao prekusora za sintezu estradiola u jajniku) u serumu i posteljici štakorice blizu roka okoćenja. Novi i izvorni znanstveni rezultati su da peroralna izloženost štakorica dozi od 6,5 mg Cd/kg tjelesne mase otopinom za napajanje tijekom skotnosti povećava razine Cd u krvi, jetri i bubregu s posljedičnim biokemijskim promjenama mikronutrijenata u većoj mjeri nego u neskotnih štakorica što istodobno s nakupljanjem Cd u posteljici remeti transplacentarni prijenos željeza i cinka te može predstavljati opasnost za rast i razvoj fetusa in utero.- Food is the main source of human exposure to essential and toxic metals, including cadmium (Cd). This investigation aimed to assess the effects of oral Cd exposure during rat pregnancy on Cd distribution and micronutrient status in a maternal organism and foetus and placental functions in nutrient transport and steroid hormone synthesis. Research hypotheses were that Cd gastrointestinal absorption increases during pregnancy and Cd accumulates in the placenta where it may interfere with nutrient transport to the foetus and placental hormone biosynthesis. Female rats (Wistar) were mated and exposed to 50 mg Cd/l (as CdCl2xH2O) in drinking water from gestation day 1 through 19 or 20. Non-pregnant rats were concurrently exposed during 20 days under the same exposure conditions. On the last experimental day, under general anaesthesia, blood was taken by cardiac puncture from all of the rats and internal organs, placentas and foetuses were dissected and prepared for element analysis (by AAS). Progesterone and testosterone were assayed by immunochemical methods directly in sera (by IEMA) and in placental tissue-derived samples (by IEMA and/or ELISA). All of the exposed rats exhibited increases in Cd in all of the analysed samples and zinc in the liver. Contents of iron in the foetus and zinc in the foetus and/or placenta were decreased. In exposed pregnant vs. exposed non-pregnant rats, more pronounced increases in Cd concentration in the blood and Cd contents in the liver and kidney, decreases in iron contents in the liver and kidney, and decreases in zinc and copper contents in the kidney were recorded. In all pregnant vs. non-pregnant rats, higher Cd concentrations in the blood and copper content in the kidney and lower iron contents in the liver and kidney and copper content in the liver were found. Steroid hormones did not change in either the serum or placenta; in the latter the values of either hormone measured by two immunochemical assays were correlated. In conclusion, this work provides original evidence on progesterone and testosterone (as the precursor for the ovarian oestradiol synthesis) in rat serum and placenta at term. New and original research results are that oral Cd exposure to 6.5 mg Cd/kg body mass in drink during rat pregnancy increases levels of Cd in the blood, liver and kidney with consequent biochemical changes of micronutrients more pronouncedly than in non-pregnant rats, which together with accumulation of Cd in the placenta disrupts the transplacental handover of iron and zinc and may put at risk foetal growth and development in utero.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Medinis rudos spalvos ritinio formos vaistinės indas su dangteliu. Jo šone baltame ovale – užrašas „Minium rubrum“.- All metadata ...published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Medinis rudos spalvos ritinio formos vaistinės indas su dangteliu. Jo šone baltame ovale užrašas: "Terra Tripolit:"- All metadata ...published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Medinis rudos spalvos ritinio formos vaistinės indas su dangteliu. Jo šone baltame ovale – užrašas „Lapis Hematil:".- All metadata ...published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Medinis rudos spalvos ritinio formos vaistinės indas su dangteliu. Šone juodame ovale - užrašas: "Gummi...optimae"; "EUPHORBI."- All ...metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Medinis rudos spalvos ritinio formos vaistinės indas su dangteliu. Jo šone baltame ovale – užrašas „Piper Longum“ Ilgasis pipiras.- ...All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Medinis rudos spalvos ritinio formos vaistinės indas su dangteliu. Jo šone baltame ovale – užrašas „Terra Viridis“.- All metadata ...published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: University of Zagreb. Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry. Department of pharmaceutical technology. - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Trenutno ne postoje ...farmakopejske ili standardne metode i aparature za ispitivanje oslobađanja djelatne tvari iz topikalnih mikročestica. Cilj ovog rada bio je razviti i validirati diskriminatornu in vitro metodu za ispitivanje oslobađanja djelatne tvari iz topikalnih mikročestica, uz korištenje imerzijske ćelije. Za potrebe rada pripremljene su i karakterizirane kitozanske i metakrilatne mikročestice s mupirocinom. Za izradu mikročestica korištena je tehnika sušenja raspršivanjem. Ispitana su sljedeća svojstva mikročestica: učinkovitost uklapanja lijeka, morfologija i veličina čestica, kristalno stanje, termička svojstva, spektralna svojstva, zeta potencijal, higroskopnost te sadržaj vode i ostatnih organskih otapala.
Kitozanske i metakrilatne mikročestice s mupirocinom korištene su kao modelni topikalni terapijski sustavi za razvoj in vitro metode za ispitivanje oslobađanja djelatne tvari. Imerzijska ćelija korištena je u kombinaciji s aparaturom s lopaticom. pH i temperatura medija (pH 5,5, 32°C) odabrani su u skladu s fiziološkim uvjetima na koži. Difuzija lijeka odvijala se preko membrane izrađene od smjese celuloznih estera, koja je pokazala nisku adsorpciju lijeka te nizak otpor difuziji lijeka. Nakon
početnog zastojnog vremena količina oslobođenog lijeka postala je proporcionalna korijenu iz vremena. Nagib u linearnom području krivulje oslobađanja lijeka korišten je kao mjera brzine oslobađanja. Varijacije u brzini okretanja lopatica (25 o/min, 50 o/min, 100 o/min), visini lopatica (1 cm, 2,5 cm) i volumenu medija za ispitivanje oslobađanja (100 ml, 200 ml) nisu značajno utjecale na brzinu oslobađanja. Analiza kitozanskih mikročestica izrađenih s kitozanima različitih molekulskih masa pokazala
je da se kod povećane molekulske mase kitozana smanjuje brzina oslobađanja. S druge strane, brzina oslobađanja bila je veća pri većoj koncentraciji lijeka unutar donorskog odjeljka. Na taj je način pokazana diskriminatornost metode prema razlikama u formulaciji, kao i prema razlikama u koncentraciji uzorka unutar donorskog odjeljka ćelije. Metodom je nadalje potvrđena sličnost serija istog sastava proizvedenih istim procesom. Metoda je validirana u skladu s ICH smjernicama. U sklopu validacije metode potvrđena je njena specifičnost, linearnost, točnost, preciznost i robusnost. Metoda je uspješno primijenjena kod kitozanskih i metakrilatnih čestica, čime je pokazan njen potencijal za karakterizaciju raznih tipova
topikalnih čestičnih terapijskih sustava. Razvijena metoda može biti koristan alat u razvoju formulacije kod takvih terapijskih sustava.- Currently there are no compendial or standard methods and apparatuses for in vitro release testing of topical microparticles. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a discriminative in vitro release method for topical microparticles using the immersion cell. For the purpose of this study chitosan-based and methacrylate-based microparticles with mupirocin were prepared by spray drying. The following characteristics of the microparticles were
examined: encapsulation efficiency, particle size and morphology, crystallinity, thermal properties, spectral properties, surface charge, hygroscopicity, residual organic solvents and water content. Chitosan-based and methacrylate-based microparticles with mupirocin were used as model topical delivery systems for in vitro release method development. The immersion cells were used in combination with paddle dissolution apparatus. The pH and temperature of the release medium (pH 5.5, 32°C) were selected to reflect the physiological skin conditions. Diffusion of the drug occured
across a mixed cellulose ester membrane, which demonstrated low drug adsorption and low diffusional resistance. After an initial lag phase the amount of drug released became proportional to the square root of time. The slope in the linear portion of the release curve was used as a measure of release rate. Variations in paddle rotation speed (25 rpm, 50 rpm, 100 rpm), paddle height (1 cm, 2.5 cm) and volume of release medium (100 ml, 200 ml) did not significantly alter the release rates. Appropriate discriminatory power of the method was confirmed as the method was able to detect differences in formulation, as well as differences in drug concentration inside the sample compartment. The analysis of chitosan-based microparticles prepared with chitosans of different molecular weights has shown that the release rate decreases with increasing molecular weight of chitosan. On the other hand, the release rate increased with increasing drug concentration inside the sample compartment. The method was further used to confirm sameness between batches of the same composition prepared by the same process. The method was validated for its specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness in line with International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. The method was successfully applied both for chitosan-based and methacrylate-based microparticles, which demonstrates its potential application for various types of topical particulate delivery system.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
