Z najdišča Gradec pri vasi Krn v Posočju izvirajo arheološke najdbe nakita, bronastih posod, orodja in orožja iz starejše in mlajše železne dobe, ki jih je izkopal nepooblaščen iskalec ...arheoloških najdb z detektorjem kovin. Med najdbami sta posebno pomembna bronasta figuralna situla iz konca 5. ali začetka 4. st. pr. n. št. ter bronasta čelada etruščansko-italske vrste iz 2. oz. začetka 1. st. pr. n. št. Terenske raziskave so pokazale, da je najditelj predmete izkopal iz žganih grobov, medtem ko je bila čelada morda prej votivni predmet kot grobni pridatek. Odkrit je bil tudi nedotaknjen bojevniški grob iz poznolatenske stopnje LT D1. Menimo, da je Gradec pri Krnu verjetno povezan z gorsko potjo, ki so jo v železni dobi uhodili po rudonosnem območju med dolino reke Soče in Bohinjem.
Cilj ovoga rada uspostaviti je tipologiju tlocrtno-prostorne organizacije stambenih
uglovnica građenih na zagrebačkome Gradecu (današnjemu Gornjem gradu) u 18.
stoljeću. U razmatranje je bilo uzeto ...deset uglovnica izgrađenih na središnjemu
platou Gradeca, jer uglovnice građene na bedemima zbog različita konteksta
gradnje, konfiguracije terena i temeljā građevina pokazuju neke druge značajke istovjetne onima stambenih objekatane-uglovnica koji su također izgrađeni na bedemima. U uvodnome dijelu podrobno su opisane poteškoće prisutne u istraživanjima stambene arhitekture, te su dane osnovne smjernice za njihovo provođenje. Nakon toga slijedi pregled provedenih istraživanja i kritički osvrt na stariju literaturu s ciljem (re)valorizacije prije uspostavljenih teza vezanih za tipologiju gornjogradskih stambenih palača iz razdoblja baroka. Riječ je o istraživanjima Nade Premerl, Lelje Dobronić i Sandre Križić Roban. Temeljem detaljne arhitektonske deskripcije deset odabranih objekata utvrđuju se tri tipološke skupine građevina, a u analizi se, prije svega, uzimaju u obzir broj krila i stupanj ugrađenosti zdanja u pripadajući gradski blok, stoga se ugaone osamnaestostoljetne stambene građevine na zagrebačkome Gornjem gradu mogu podijeliti na jednokrilne, dvokrilne i trokrilne, s tim da se jednokrilne dalje mogu razdijeliti na one u kojima se prostorije organiziraju kao prostorni niz i na one kod kojih je prisutno složenije grupiranje prostorija prema namjeni. Sve su dvokrilne uglovnice poluugrađene s L-tlocrtom, a one trokrilne imaju U-tlocrt te se razlikuju ugrađene od slobodnostojećih po tretmanu okolnoga prostora. Najjednostavniji formalni elementi projektiranja – broj krila i stupanj ugrađenosti u gradski blok – pokazali su se ovdje kao valjana polazna točka u razmatranju tipologije, a svi primjeri unutar (pod)skupina ukazuju na brojne analogije u tlocrtnoj dispoziciji, postavu prema komunikacijama i oblikovanju unutrašnjega prostora.
The aim of this article is to define the layout-space organisation typology of residential corner houses built in Zagreb’s Gradec (today Upper Town) in the 18th century. Ten corner houses built in today’s Gradec central plateau are considered, because due to a different building context, terrain configuration and foundations, the corner houses built on the city walls show some attributes proper of non-corner residential buildings also built on the city walls. In the introduction, the obstacles faced by researchers of residential architecture were described in detail, after which basic guidelines for conducting such research were offered. This was followed by an outline of previously conducted studies and a critical overview of bibliography aimed at a (re)valorisation of earlier theses relative to the typology of Upper Town baroque residential buildings. The studies in question were carried out by Nada Premerl, Lelja Dobronić and Sandra Križić Roban. Based on an elaborate architectonic description of the ten houses taken into consideration, three typological groups of buildings were identified. First and foremost, the analysis took into account the number of wings and the level of
buildings’ integration into a certain city block. Therefore, Zagreb upper town
18th century residential corner houses can be divided into single-wing,
two-wing and three-wing buildings, whereas single-wing houses can be further
classified into those whose rooms are organised in a row and those with a more
complex grouping of rooms spaced according to function. All of the analysed
two-wing corner houses are semi-detached and have an L line, while the
three-wing houses have a U line. What distinguishes the three-wing terraced
houses from the three-wing detached houses is the treatment of the
surroundings. The most basic formal construction elements – the number of wings
and the level of integration into the city block – resulted to be a valid
departure point when considering house typology, while all the examples within
the (sub)groups indicate to many plan disposal, grid plan and interior design
analogies.
The Slovenj Gradec Basin represents one of the marginal western basins of the Neogene Pannonian Basin system. Its sedimentary succession is investigated by combination of field, petrographic and ...geochemical methods. The succession is at least 540m thick and characterised by frequent alternation of conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone and marlstone deposited in terrestrial, brackish and shallow marine environments. Modal composition of the sandstones indicates that they originated from recycled orogen, namely from quartzose sedimentary rocks of the Eastern Alps, and show moderate to absent chemical weathering. The results indicate two different tectonic settings: a collisional, which correlates well with the end-Mesozoic and Cenozoic Alpine collision, resulting in orogeny and thrusting of the Austroalpine nappes, and a passive margin related to the early Neogene lithospheric extension and subsidence as the result of slab retreat in the Carpathian subduction zone, which was responsible for the formation of the Pannonian Basin system.
In this area, where the sediments were subjected to various tectonic events, discriminant function diagrams of Verma and Armstrong Altrin are found to be a good tool for their identification and differentiation.
The Miocene evolution of the area transitional from the Eastern Alps to the Pannonian Basin System was studied through the paleogeographic evolution of the Slovenj Gradec Basin in northern Slovenia. ...It is based on mapping, section logging, nannoplankton biostratigraphy, and petrography. The results are correlated with the lithological column of the borehole MD-1/05. The evolution of the basin is connected with the development of the Pannonian Basin System, and the global 3
order cycles, which influenced the connection with the Mediterranean Sea. Sedimentation started in the Karpatian in a fluvial to lacustrine environment and terminated at the end of the Early Badenian. During this period, three transgression–regression cycles were recorded. The first transgression occurred in the Karpatian and corresponds to the TB 2.2. cycle. The sediments reflect proximity of the hinterland. After a short break in sedimentation, the Early Badenian deposition followed. It marks the second transgression into the SGB, the first Badenian, correlated with the TB 2.3 cycle. There are signs of a transitional environment, which evolved to marine in advanced stages. At the high-stand system tract, the sea flooded the entire Slovenj Gradec Basin. Subsequent reduced quantity and diversity of the microfossils marks the onset of the second regression stage. It is followed by the third transgression, the second in the Badenian, correlated with the TB 2.4 cycle. The late Early Badenian deposition continued in the lower-energy, though occasionally still turbulent environment. Silty sediments with upward increasing content of organic matter indicate shallowing of the basin, until its final diminishing. Layers of fresh-water coal already bear witness to the existence of restricted swamps. After the Early Badenian, the area of the Slovenj Gradec Basin became dry land, exposed to erosion.
U radu se analizira uloga obiteljskih veza u formiranju gradske elite na zagrebačkom Gradecu u vremenu od sredine 14. do početka 16. stoljeća. Na temelju izvornih podataka prvo se utvrđuju vršitelji ...funkcija, najviše gradski suci o kojima je sačuvano više podataka, a potom se identificiraju njihovi nasljednici ili članovi istih obitelji. Drugi dio donosi osvrt na neke značajke srednjovjekovnih gradskih obitelji, a u prilogu se nalaze tabele i genealoški prikazi najznačajnijih gradskih obitelji.
V prispevku sta na podlagi sočasnih pisnih virov razi- skani portretni zbirki, ki sta jih okrog leta 1600 zasno- vala nadvojvoda Karel II. in nadvojvodinja Marija in sta bili do 18. stoletja v ...graškem dvoru in dvorcu Karlau pri Gradcu. Predstavljeni so serije portretov, umetniki in dela, ki so ohranjena v Umetnostnozgodovinskem muzeju na Dunaju. Obravnavani so vzroki za naročilo izjemno številnih otroških portretov. Poleg tega je anali- zirana vloga portretnih serij rimskih cesarjev in kostumskih slik.
In Slovenia, mass movements are not only a threat to the population, but also a major environmental and social science challenge. Lithologically heterogeneous areas have been found to be problematic, ...and the Miocene Slovenj Gradec basin (in northeast Slovenia) is one such area. For this area, we developed landslide and rockfall susceptibility maps based on detailed geological research combined with statistical modeling schemes. Crucial factors include lithological composition, land use, geological structural elements, slope curvature, aspect and inclination, and bed dipping. The approach taken in the development of mass movement susceptibility maps presented here is transferable to other areas defined by heterogeneous lithology. Such maps could prove useful spatial planning, forestry, environmental protection, landscape architecture, and other fields.
The paper focuses on the leading layer in the urban societies of medieval Slavonia, seeking to answer the following questions: Who comprised the urban elite in Slavonian towns? What were their ...professions and what properties did they own? What was the significance of family relations for the formation of elites, and what other factors could help an individual to join their ranks? An important issue regarding the urban elites is the relationship between the elites and urban space; thus, the spatial development of Gradec and Varaždin are discussed in the second part of the paper.
This research focuses on those Gradec citizens who were elected to administrative functions since these were held by the richest and most distinguished citizens. They constituted the political elite ...of the city as there was only a thin line between the economic, social and political elites in Gradec. This paper deals with many aspects and elements that played a role in the formation of the urban elite, elements such as family ties, wealth, moral values, piety, education and membership of the nobility.
S ciljem utvrđivanja slojeva povijesnog razvoja, Hrvatski restauratorski zavod proveo je 2021. godine multidisciplinarna konzervatorsko-restauratorska i arheološka istraživanja sjevernog dvorišta ...Banskih dvora. Rezultati su potvrdili kontinuitet naseljavanja zagrebačkoga gornjogradskog platoa od prapovijesti do danas, a poslužili su kao osnova za izradu projektno-tehničke dokumentacije potrebne za cjelovitu obnovu potresom iz 2020. godine oštećene zgrade Vlade RH. Tijekom arheoloških istraživanja sjevernog dvorišta pronađeni su brojni nalazi ostataka stambenih i gospodarskih objekata te gradske infrastrukture koji nam omogućavaju razumijevanje tehnološke strane povijesnog razvoja gospodarenja vodom i otpadom unutar gradskih zidina srednjovjekovnoga i novovjekovnog Gradeca.
In 2021, the Croatian Conservation Institute conducted multidisciplinary conservation, restoration and archaeological research of the entire Banski Dvori complex to create the prerequisites for the design and technical documentation necessary to renovate the building that houses the Government of the Republic of Croatia as part of the plan to renovate buildings damaged in the earthquake. During excavations in the northern courtyard, remains of residential and commercial buildings, communal infrastructure and various other archaeological finds from the medieval and modern periods were found. They have enabled us to reconstruct the construction sequence of the central part of the so-called fifth insula. While the preserved written sources provide us with an insight into the legislative framework prescribed by the city authorities, archaeological research enables us to understand the technological side of the historical development of water and waste management within the city walls of medieval Gradec. On the basis of the geomorphology of the terrain, preserved written sources and results of archaeological research, it is possible to assume that the water-supply system of medieval Gradec was based on private and public wells or cisterns. The remains of two wooden water systems from the 15th century were documented during excavations. On the basis of their location and context, it might be possible to assume that these were pipelines intended for carrying stormwater to cisterns. It could also be a technological solution, known from written sources, used to move underground the sewer that ran between the houses. Waste management in European cities in the Middle and Early Modern Ages was characterized by a complex system of interweaving of public and private interests and obligations. The remains of several medieval and modern buildings used for waste disposal were found in the excavated area, which is a common occurrence in European cities. However, it was only the construction of the city's water supply and sewerage network in the 19th century, an important step towards improving the health and hygiene standards of the population, that marked the birth of a modern European city. In the excavated part of the northern courtyard, the remains of two phases of the sewerage system were documented, and the more recent one can be dated to the last decade of the 19th century, when the city sewerage system was constructed. During the construction, the older sewerage system was destroyed, which could possibly be attributed to the former Rauch Mansion. In terms of water and waste management, Gradec fits the historical development of most European cities throughout the Middle Ages and the modern period up until the construction of the city's water supply and sewerage network during the second half of the 19th century.
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