The major milestones in the history of menopause provide a fascinating background to understanding current attitudes and prognosticating future trends in the perception and management of this event ...through which all women will inevitably pass. ‘Menopause’ is a word of multiple meanings. Once the subject of taboo; now almost in danger of overexposure. Once neglected, now recognized by multiple groups as the entry to a ‘market’. The result is a new level of confusion and even exploitation in the minds of the health profession and the public alike. A historical survey of issues relating to the menopause is therefore an ideal vehicle for providing information and perspective into this fascinating and extremely important component of women's health care. One milestone on my personal historical journey is labeled ‘Pieter van Keep’, a time and a place where we met, forged an instant and remarkable friendship and during the course of an extraordinary day conceptualized a menopause club, ultimately the International Menopause Society (I.M.S.), a journal to become
Maturitas, and an idea for enhanced quality years for women by primary preventative health care, utilizing menopause as a positive entry point. Achievement of the dream of wide scale introduction of preventive health care services to a properly informed public is certain to be as successful in reducing morbidity to older women as was the introduction years ago of proper prenatal care in reducing death and disability related to childbirth. Where we were, where we are generally and the i.M.S. specifically, and where the I.M.S. should position itself in the future is the focus of this lecture, my personal ‘swan song’ to the I.M.S.
The Chinese leadership in recent years has clearly indicated that priority will be given to the development of the western provinces. In view of its under-developed economy, the relative poor ...education of the population and the extensive mode of development, environmental pollution and ecological damage in western China are more serious than in the east. In China's industrialization process in the modern era, the blind imitation of the initial stage of industrialization in the advanced countries and the total rejection of traditional Chinese cultural values have been particularly striking. Hence, the western provinces should adopt a mode of sustainable development based on establishment of an ecological culture. Environmentalists in China would like to concentrate on reforming the modes of production and the people's lifestyles through changing their views and values. They perceive this as the major commitment for building an ecological culture and promoting sustainable development. But large-scale and concentrated damage to the environment are very often the result of neglect and mistakes by government authorities and corporations. Pessimists worry that this millennium will signal the terminal stage for natural values; but there may be an alternative: a millennium of coordinated development, respecting the environment and based on adoption of a new ecological culture.
L'ostéodensitométrie était considérée depuis 15 ans comme la pierre angulaire du diagnostic de l'ostéoporose. L'hormonothérapie substitutive était le traitement de référence de l'ostéoporose ...post-ménopausique et la femme récemment ménopausée était la cible principale des explorations et des traitements. Après 75 ans, période de haute incidence fracturaire, les traitements à visée étiologique n'étaient plus envisagés. Il en résultait que moins d'une femme fracturée sur cinq recevait un traitement anti-ostéoporotique efficace.
En ce début de XXI
e siècle, nous avons appris à mieux évaluer le risque fracturaire, y compris chez l'homme, en prenant en compte des critères cliniques (âge, poids, contexte étiologique, tabagisme, corticothérapie, antécédents de fracture…) radiographiques (fracture vertébrale), biologiques (marqueurs du remodelage) et la mesure de densité osseuse. La fracture prévalente et l'âge sont indiscutablement les facteurs de risque les plus importants.
Il est indispensable de développer et de diffuser dans la communauté médicale et m^eme dans le grand public des scores cliniques aisés à mettre en œuvre, permettant d'identifier et de prendre en charge les populations à risque. Les nouvelles techniques d'imagerie osseuse non invasives apporteront dans l'avenir des informations sur la qualité de l'os et les recherches sur les marqueurs biologiques doivent se poursuivre. Ces recherches sont d'autant plus indispensables que des traitements très efficaces pour réduire le risque de fracture et bien tolérés sont maintenant à notre disposition.
Until recently, daul photon densitometry was considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Hormonal replacement treatment was the standard therapy, and early postmenopausal women were the main target for the management of the disease. High-risk elderly women were considered non eligible and were withdrawn from efficient therapy. As a result, less than 25 % of fractured patients received appropriate treatment.
By the beginning of the XXIst century, much has been learnt about the numerous risk factors for osteoporosis, including in men. A prevalent fracture is the most significant of these factors.
In the future, clinically relevant and easy to administer questionnaires about risk factors should be developed and applied not only by physicians, but by patients themselves. New ultrasound-based or other imaging techniques could help to better evaluating bone quality. Biological markers could be developed.
This research is all the more crucial as more and more efficient and well-tolerated drugs become available.
In signalling its wish to participate in the Additional Protocol at an early stage, Sweden took several steps at the national level long before it actually ratified the protocol in May 2004. In 1998, ...the Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate (SKI) initiated a project to conduct a historical survey of Swedish nuclear weapons research for the period 1945-72. Sweden thus took an important step for the sake of transparency. SKI worked out a general model of how a nationally based survey could be designed, and gradually other states approached SKI in order to learn more about the methods and goals of the historical surveys. In 2002, a cooperative project was initiated between Sweden and Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Finland joined the cooperative effort, and it thus became a dialogue and project carried out by five neighboring states to make national surveys. This article presents summaries of the national reports from Sweden and the Baltic states.
The aim of this review is to present a very concise report of the research activities in the area of Analytical Chemistry performed in Greece during the last decade. Since, research in chemical ...analysis conducted by Greek scientific institutions covers a very large variety of analytical methodologies and techniques, it is found preferable to organize this review based on a separate presentation of the scientific activities of each Greek University or Scientific Institution, operating analytical laboratories or other divisions involved in analytical chemistry research.
A review was conducted of 236 postmortem examinations of six species of captive and imported bustards in the United Arab Emirates for the period 1979-94. The most common causes of death in adult ...imported houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii) were euthanasia due to Newcastle disease, aspergillosis, and post-transportation-related deaths. Helminth parasites were a common finding in imported houbara bustards, and large parasite burdens occasionally caused intestinal obstruction and death. The most common causes of death in adult captive houbara bustards were trauma-related deaths and euthanasia for or death following treatment for capture myopathy. Fatty liver change was an important postmortem finding of captive adult houbara bustards. The main cause of death in juvenile houbara bustards was yolk-sac infection and septicemia. The most common causes of death in adult kori bustards (Ardeotis kori) were capture myopathy and handling injuries or euthanasia following these injuries. The most common causes of death in adult rufous-crested bustards (Eupodotis ruficrista) were post-transportation deaths in imported birds and trichomoniasis and trauma in captive birds. Juvenile rufous-crested bustards appeared to be highly susceptible to gizzard impactions and foreign-body obstructions of the gastrointestinal tract. Nutritional bone disease is an important disease of all juvenile bustards, particularly kori and houbara bustards. Aspergillosis was also a common postmortem finding in captive and imported adult houbara bustards and also caused mortality in juvenile kori and houbara bustards
A sport clam survey, conducted January through December 2008 in Humboldt Bay, California, was the continuation of a creel-type survey conducted by the California Department of Fish and Game from 1975 ...through 1989. Surveys were conducted on low tides in the south arm of Humboldt Bay. Data were collected on clammer effort and catch resulting in bootstrapped estimates of the number of clammer trips (clammer-days) per year, catch per unit effort, total catch by species, and spatial distribution of effort within the bay. The survey revealed an important shift in harvested clam species composition, a decrease in harvest level, and methods of harvest apparently unique to Humboldt Bay.
The instaration projects of sculptures after the war are forwarded under the influence of social conditions. On this report we consider the process of formation of the aims of the instaration ...projects and the immanent problems. We splited the instaration projects after the war into three periods and analyzed the aims of the instaration projects on the basis of social conditions and tendency of works. The first period (from about 1950): An expression of a social sense of values, an ideology and a slogan in those days were attached much importance. The second period (from about 1960): A function of formation of a landscape got much attention. The third period (from about 1975): The aims of expressing characteristic of a region and encouraging culture were added, and the aims of the instaration projects became complexity. On the other hand an aim of encouraging region were found in the rural area.
PDF
