The nature of concepts has always been a hotly debated topic in both philosophy and psychology and, more recently, also in cognitive neuroscience. Different accounts have been proposed of what ...concepts are. These accounts reflect deeply different conceptions of how the human mind works. In the last decades, two diametrically opposed theories of human cognition have been discussed and empirically investigated: the Computational Theory of Mind, on the one hand (Fodor 1983 The modularity of mind: an essay on faculty psychology; Pylyshyn 1984 Computation and cognition: toward a foundation for cognitive science), and Embodied Cognition (Barsalou 2008 Annu. Rev. Psychol. 59, 617–645. (doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639); Gallese & Lakoff 2005 Cogn. Neuropsychol. 22, 455–479 (doi:10.1080/02643290442000310); Shapiro 2011 Embodied cognition), on the other hand. The former proposes that concepts are abstract and amodal symbols in the language of thought, while the latter argues for the embodied nature of concepts that are conceived of as grounded in actions and perception. The embodiment of both concrete and abstract concepts has been challenged by many (e.g. Mahon & Caramazza 2008 J. Physiol. 102, 59–70. (doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2008.03.004); Caramazza et al. 2014 Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 37, 1–15. (doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-013950)). These challenges will be here taken seriously and addressed from a comparative perspective. We will provide a phylogenetic and neurobiologically inspired account of the embodied nature of both abstract and concrete concepts. We will propose that, although differing in certain respect, they both might have a bodily foundation. Commonalities between abstract and concrete concepts will be explained by recurring to the Peircean notions of icon and abductive inference (CP 2.247). According to Peirce, icons are the kind of signs on which abductive inferences rest (Peirce CS 1931 in Collected papers of Charles S. Peirce, Hartshorne C, Weiss P, Burks AW. (eds), 40; Peirce CS 1997 In The 1903 Harvard lectures on pragmatism (ed. A. Turrisi)). It will be claimed that the mechanism of Embodied Simulation (Gallese & Sinigaglia 2011 Trends Cogn. Sci. 15, 512–519. (doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.09.003)) can be described as an icon (Cuccio V & Caruana F. 2015 Il corpo come icona. Abduzione, strumenti ed Embodied Simulation. Versus, n. 119, 93–103), and it will then be suggested that on these, basic natural signs rest, both phylogenetically and ontogenetically, the capacity to conceptualize.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Varieties of abstract concepts: development, use and representation in the brain’.
Evidence highlights the prevalent usage of emoticons within digital forms of textual communication and the impact on the recipient. However, little evidence demonstrates the interpersonal functions ...for the user and whether this varies as a product of virtual platform. This formed the basis for the current study in which participants (N = 92) provided open-ended accounts of their reasons for using emoticons across three virtual platforms (email, text message, and social networking site), and their general emoticon usage across these. Responses revealed a number of themes on reasons for emoticon usage. The first was; “aiding personal expression”, with sub-themes of; “establishing emotional tone”; and “to lighten the mood”. Other themes were “reducing ambiguity of discourse” and “appropriateness of context”. Overall, there was consistency across platforms, on both the personal and interpersonal functions which emoticons served. However, some disparity was identified as email platforms were deemed inappropriate for emoticon use, regardless of the fact that emoticons were recognised as important emotional aids for communication. Taken together these findings highlight the importance of emoticon usage for the user, through a contextual lens to recognise the influential factors upon these behaviours and the implications this has for digital text-based communication. In this regard, this contributes further conceptualisation of one aspect of hyperpersonal communication within virtual interactions, and how different platforms may permit these self-presentational efforts to a greater or lesser extent.
•Qualitative approach to understanding usage behaviour for emoticons.•Contextual account of emoticon usage across digital platforms.•Benefit to both user and recipient in their use of emoticons.
To balance the privacy and usability of images in the cloud, Tajik et al. recently designed a thumbnail preserving encryption (TPE) based on sum-preserving encryption, however, multiple iterations ...make it inefficient. We use CycleGan to simulate randomized unary encoding (RUE) and achieve a more efficient TPE. Thumbnail consistency loss is proposed to guarantee the visual quality of the encrypted image, and the quality of decrypted image is improved via ssim-loss. Besides, a decryption network with a key is retrained such that it can decrypt cipher images in multiple domains, and a binary string is adopted as the key instead of the decryption network parameters to facilitate sharing of images. Simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Cloud detection is one of the important tasks for remote sensing image (RSI) preprocessing. In this paper, we utilize the thumbnail (i.e., preview image) of RSI, which contains the information of ...original multispectral or panchromatic imagery, to extract cloud mask efficiently. Compared with detection cloud mask from original RSI, it is more challenging to detect cloud mask using thumbnails due to the loss of resolution and spectrum information. To tackle this problem, we propose a cloud detection neural network (CDnet) with an encoder-decoder structure, a feature pyramid module (FPM), and a boundary refinement (BR) block. The FPM extracts the multiscale contextual information without the loss of resolution and coverage; the BR block refines object boundaries; and the encoder-decoder structure gradually recovers segmentation results with the same size as input image. Experimental results on the ZY-3 satellite thumbnails cloud cover validation data set and two other validation data sets (GF-1 WFV Cloud and Cloud Shadow Cover Validation Data and Landsat-8 Cloud Cover Assessment Validation Data) demonstrate that the proposed method achieves accurate detection accuracy and outperforms several state-of-the-art methods.
With the popularity of cloud storage services, people are increasingly accustomed to storing images in the cloud. However, cloud storage services raise privacy concerns, e.g., leakage of images to ...unauthorized third parties and service providers may exploit image detection technologies to portrait users without permission. Although privacy concerns can be solved by encrypting images before they are uploaded to the cloud, traditional encryption methods significantly affect the usability and user experience, for example, users cannot preview images in the cloud. Recently, Marohn et al. proposed two approximate thumbnail-preserving encryption schemes, called DRPE and TPE-LSB, to balance the privacy and usability of images in the cloud. However, both schemes have defects that either the decryption may fail or the ciphertext images have poor performance in perceived quality and too many noise points after decryption. To this end, we pertinently propose a high-fidelity thumbnail-preserving encryption scheme (HF-TPE). Compared with the previous works, on the one hand, the HF-TPE scheme not only ensures the correct decryption of ciphertext images, but also makes the ciphertext thumbnails more close to the plaintext images perceptually. On the other hand, the decrypted thumbnails have lower noise intensity and upper limit of the number of noises. In addition, simulation experiments further show that the HF-TPE scheme can guarantee users' usability.
Iconic photographs possess broad social and symbolic significance, are widely replicated over time and circulated across media platforms, and fuel public discussion. In an era of digital memes, they ...have become generative resources for memetic performances that not only can draw on these images’ historic authority but can also undermine it. Based on the analysis of the ‘Accidental Napalm’ memes, our research leads to a fourfold taxonomy, from memes that expand or expound the meaning of the original picture to those that narrow and potentially destroy its significance. Assessing Hariman and Lucaites’ contention that appropriations of iconic images enhance civic engagement and public culture, we argue that some memes may actually dissolve the original significance of iconic photographs and potentially degrade, rather than enhance, public culture.
As a response to the increased need for humanization and representation in STEM, a set of open-source, customizable icons was developed using stackable vector graphics to allow participants to design ...their own research icons. These icons have the potential to both grant research participant's greater agency in their representation and attempt to minimize bias introduced by the researcher. Additionally, the representation provided by the developed icons help to illuminate those that are participating in geoscience. The visual representation of research participants provides an opportunity for these individuals to see themselves represented in geoscience spaces and aids in visualizing the geoscience community. Examples of implementation in both quantitative and qualitative research are provided and the authors encourage their use by the broader research community.
Este artículo quiere hacer uso de la metodología semiótica de la cultura para abordar un fenómeno clave nuestra mediática como es el de la fama, y en particular, su vinculación con el discurso ...religioso y la construcción de ídolos e iconos en ambientes altamente mediatizados. Históricamente vinculados al problema de la imagen sagrada y de su regulación, se nos presentan hoy como estados de fama superlativa y como elementos que siguen hablando de la actitud que mantenemos con las imágenes que creamos. Observaremos por tanto en una perspectiva macro, qué se mantiene, qué ha desaparecido y qué se ha incorporado en nuestra concepción de los actuales ídolos e iconos, parientes pobres de la cultura, con respecto a los regímenes de sentido establecido por sus homónimos religiosos.
Ionic covalent organic nanosheets (iCONs), a member of the two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials family, offer a unique functional platform for a wide range of applications. Herein, we explore the ...potential of an ethidium bromide (EB)‐based covalent organic framework (EB‐TFP) that self‐exfoliates in water resulting in 2D ionic covalent organic nanosheets (EB‐TFP‐iCONs) for the selective detection of double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA). In an aqueous medium, the self‐exfoliated EB‐TFP‐iCONs reassemble in the presence of dsDNA resulting in hybrid EB‐TFP‐iCONs‐DNA crystalline nanosheets with enhanced fluorescence at 600 nm. Detailed steady‐state and time‐resolved emission studies revealed that the reassembly phenomenon was highly selective for dsDNA when compared to single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA), which allowed us to use the EB‐TFP‐iCONs as a 2D fluorescent platform for the label‐free detection of complementary DNA strands.
Feelin' single, seein' double: Self‐exfoliated nanosheets of an ionic COF were used as a fluorescent platform for the selective detection of double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA). DNA induced the reassembly of the 2D nanosheets, and the associated fluorescence changes facilitated the discrimination of dsDNA from single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) and other phosphates.
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