Toll-like receptors signaling Ntoufa, Stavroula; Villa, Maria Giovanna; Stamatopoulos, Kostas ...
Seminars in cancer biology,
08/2016, Volume:
39
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Malignancies of mature B cells are quite distinctive in originating from well-differentiated cells. Hence, it is not paradoxical that, similar to their normal counterparts, most mature B cell ...lymphoma subtypes are critically dependent on microenvironmental cues. Such external signals are sensed by various receptors present on the malignant cells, including the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), eliciting a range of cellular responses, including proliferation but also anergy and apoptosis, often with disease-specific patterns. Critically, the TLR signaling pathways are intertwined with other receptor pathways in malignant B cells, most notably the B-cell receptor pathway, and converge on NF-kappa B, leading to its activation. In the present review, we summarize the literature on TLR expression and functionality and its impact on NF-kappa B activation in different B cell malignancies including chronic lymphocytic leukemia where TLR9 induces activation, cell proliferation and chemoresistance in a proportion of patients while apoptosis can be induced in others. Additionally, we also discuss the therapeutic potential of strategies targeting TLR signaling in lymphoma.
The accumulation of dust particles deteriorates the performance of solar cells and results in appreciable losses in the generated power due to the sun irradiance scattering effects on the surface of ...the solar panel. This study investigates the impact of dust accumulation on photovoltaic solar modules in Baghdad city in Iraq. For this purpose an experiment has been conducted to quantify losses caused by the accumulation of dust on the surface of three identical photovoltaic solar modules. The modules have been installed with direct exposure to weather conditions, in a well controlled experimental setup. Subsequently, measurements of dust accumulation on modules have been taken on daily, weekly and monthly basis. The dust density and size distribution of aerosol particles and fibers have been also investigated and measured by a highly sensitive aerosols measuring system. The dusted module and another similar clean module have been then exposed to constant radiation and constant temperature using a solar simulator as light source. The deposition of the dust on the surface of the photovoltaic solar modules showed a reduction in both the short circuit current (Isc) and the output power compared to the same parameters of the clean module. The average degradation rate of the efficiencies of the solar modules exposed to dust are; 6.24%, 11.8% and 18.74% calculated for exposure periods of one day, one week and one month. The experimental results are well compared with the calculations obtained by a theoretical model recently developed by the authors.
•This study investigates the impact of dust accumulation on photovoltaic solar modules in Baghdad city in Iraq.•Measurements of dust accumulation on modules have been taken on daily, weekly and monthly basis.•The average degradation rate of the efficiency of the solar modules exposed to dust is significant.•A recent theoretical model has been also used to validate the experimental results.
La conciencia de defensa nacional es un elemento clave en la defensa de un Estado. En España, todos los gobiernos han considerado un objetivo prioritario fortalecerla. En el periodo 2001-2007, la ...Defensa y las Fuerzas Armadas alcanzaron niveles máximos de notoriedad y presencia mediática mientras surgían los conflictos de Irak y Afganistán, donde se desplegaban contingentes internacionales que provocaron que algunos sectores de la opinión pública los vieran como conflictos neocoloniales. Esta visión ha dificultado verlos desde otras perspectivas y provocado rechazo en la opinión pública. La retirada del contingente español en Irak, tras un atentado terrorista, tuvo un impacto significativo en la conciencia de Defensa.
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) play a key role in activating the innate immune system during pathogen recognition. In the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), activated TLR4 together with myeloid ...differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) produce an inflammatory microenvironment that promotes the differentiation of microglia into the M1 phenotype, who plays a key role in the pathogenesis of MS. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-M is specifically expressed in microglia in central nervous system (CNS) and act as a negative regulator of TLR4-MyD88 signaling pathway. Moreover, previous studies have shown that IRAK-M promotes the differentiation of type 2 microglia; however, its role in MS has not been explored. In the present study, we demonstrated that IRAK-M expression is elevated during EAE, and IRAK-M−/− mice significantly accelerated course and increased severity of disease, accompanied by a visible increase of the M1 microglia infiltrated. In conclusion, these data indicates that IRAK-M significantly improves EAE onset through down-regulation of the TLR4-MyD88 signaling pathway, which finally leads to differentiation of M2 phenotype in the microglia. Our study suggests that IRAK-M may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of MS.
•The expression of IRAK-M is significantly increased during EAE.•IRAK-M improves the clinical symptoms and pathological manifestations of EAE.•IRAK-M inhibits NF-κB signaling and activation of STAT1.•IRAK-M promotes M2 polarization of microglia and inhibits M1 polarization during EAE both in vivo and vitro.
Nimo, Maha, Safah, Shatha, Emma, Danielle, Kim, Charlene. In a book that once again blends her distinctive flair for capturing the texture of everyday life with shrewd political insights, Cynthia ...Enloe looks closely at the lives of eight ordinary women, four Iraqis and four Americans, during the Iraq War. Among others, Enloe profiles a Baghdad beauty parlor owner, a teenage girl who survived a massacre, an elected member of Parliament, the young wife of an Army sergeant, and an African American woman soldier. Each chapter begins with a close-up look at one woman’s experiences and widens into a dazzling examination of the larger canvas of war’s gendered dimensions. Bringing to light hidden and unexpected theaters of operation—prostitution, sexual assault, marriage, ethnic politics, sexist economies—these stories are a brilliant entryway into an eye-opening exploration of the actual causes, costs, and long-range consequences of war. This unique comparison of American and Iraqi women’s diverse and complex experiences sheds a powerful light on the different realities that together we call, perhaps too easily, “the Iraq war.”
•Hotel features highly influenced the generated solid waste quantity.•Average solid waste generation rate was 0.89 kg per guest, per day, during mega festivals.•MLR is capable of predicting the ...amount of solid waste generated from hotels with R2 of 0.799.•A strong relationship was noticed between the solid waste amount and the Hotels rank.
Major-religious festivals hosted in the city of Kerbala, Iraq, annually generate large quantities of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) which negatively impacts the environment and human health when poorly managed. The hospitality sector, specifically hotels, is one of the major sources of MSW generated during these festivals. Because it is essential to establish a proper waste management system for such festivals, accurate information regarding MSW generation is required. This study therefore investigated the rate of production of MSW from hotels in Kerbala during major festivals. A field questionnaire survey was conducted with 150 hotels during the Arba’een festival, one of the largest festivals in the world, attended by about 18 million participants, to identify how much MSW is produced and what features of hotels impact on this. Hotel managers responded to questions regarding features of the hotel such as size (Hs), expenditure (Hex), area (Ha) and number of staff (Hst). An on-site audit was also carried out with all participating hotels to estimate the mass of MSW generated from these hotels.
The results indicate that MSW produced by hotels varies widely. In general, it was found that each hotel guest produces an estimated 0.89 kg of MSW per day. However, this figure varies according to the hotels’ rating. Average rates of MSW production from one and four star hotels were 0.83 and 1.22 kg per guest per day, respectively. Statistically, it was found that the relationship between MSW production and hotel features can be modelled with an R2 of 0.799, where the influence of hotel feature on MSW production followed the order Hs > Hex > Hst.
Accumulating evidence indicates that microRNA-146a (miR-146a), a well-known anti-inflammatory miRNA, acts as a negative feedback regulator of the innate immune response, but its role in modulation of ...inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unclear and the issue related to the stability of exogenous miR-146a in blood is up in the air. In this study, extracellular vesicles (EVs) from cultured medium of bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transfected with recombinant lentiviruses can serve as a stable delivery system and overexpress miR-146a, which significantly inhibited TNF receptor–associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) expression in TNBS-induced colitis of rats. Moreover, the increased phosphorylation levels of NF-κB p65 and IκBα were down-regulated by the administration of EVs containing miR-146a. Coupled with the associated influence of over-expressed miR-146a on phosphorylated proteins above, the production of inflammation factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-1β is apparently suppressed by this non-coding RNA. Collectively, these data elucidated that EVs containing miR-146a ameliorates experimental colitis caused 2,4,6‑trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) by targeting TRAF6 and IRAK1.
•Extracellular vesicles can be used as a stable delivery system transporting miR-146a.•MiR-146a significantly inhibited TRAF6 and IRAK1 expression.•The increased phosphorylation levels of NF-κB p65 and IκBα were hampered by miR-146a.•MiR-146a suppressed TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β production induced by TNBS.
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