In this research, the activated carbon prepared from walnut shells was chemically activated by ZnCl sub(2) and modified by 4-(8-hydroxyquinoline-azo)benzamidine. The synthesized adsorbent was used ...for the removal of Hg super(2+) from aqueous solutions. The effect of different parameters including pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature was studied and optimized. At optimized conditions, pH=2, contact time of 20 min, initial concentration of 600 mg/L, and 0.01 g sorbent, the adsorption capacity of 118 mg/g was obtained which was higher than the reported values. The adsorbent was highly selective for Hg super(2+). The results showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. Regeneration of the modified activated carbon by acid treatment showed that the adsorbent retained more than 84% of its initial adsorption capacity after four consecutive regeneration cycles. copyright 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 1562-1567, 2015
Wall-associated kinase (WAK) and WAK-like kinase (WAKL) are receptor-like kinases (RLKs), which play important roles in signal transduction between the cell wall and the cytoplasm in plants.
have ...been studied in many plants, but were rarely studied in the important economic walnut tree. In this study, 27 and 14
genes were identified in
and its wild related species
, respectively. We found tandem duplication might play a critical role in the expansion of
gene family in
, and most of the
homologous pairs underwent purified selection during evolution. All WAK/WAKL proteins have the extracellular WAK domain and the cytoplasmic protein kinase domain, and the latter was more conserved than the former.
-acting elements analysis showed that
might be involved in plant growth and development, plant response to abiotic stress and hormones. Gene expression pattern analysis further indicated that most
genes in
might play a role in the development of leaves and be involved in plant response to biotic stress. Our study provides a new perspective for the evolutionary analysis of gene families in tree species and also provides potential candidate genes for studying
gene function in walnuts.
SUMMARY
Juglans (walnuts), the most speciose genus in the walnut family (Juglandaceae), represents most of the family's commercially valuable fruit and wood‐producing trees. It includes several ...species used as rootstock for their resistance to various abiotic and biotic stressors. We present the full structural and functional genome annotations of six Juglans species and one outgroup within Juglandaceae (Juglans regia, J. cathayensis, J. hindsii, J. microcarpa, J. nigra, J. sigillata and Pterocarya stenoptera) produced using BRAKER2 semi‐unsupervised gene prediction pipeline and additional tools. For each annotation, gene predictors were trained using 19 tissue‐specific J. regia transcriptomes aligned to the genomes. Additional functional evidence and filters were applied to multi‐exonic and mono‐exonic putative genes to yield between 27 000 and 44 000 high‐confidence gene models per species. Comparison of gene models to the BUSCO embryophyta dataset suggested that, on average, genome annotation completeness was 85.6%. We utilized these high‐quality annotations to assess gene family evolution within Juglans, and among Juglans and selected Eurosid species. We found notable contractions in several gene families in J. hindsii, including disease resistance‐related wall‐associated kinase (WAK), Catharanthus roseus receptor‐like kinase (CrRLK1L) and others involved in abiotic stress response. Finally, we confirmed an ancient whole‐genome duplication that took place in a common ancestor of Juglandaceae using site substitution comparative analysis.
Significance Statement
High‐quality full genome annotations for six species of walnut (Juglans) and a wingnut (Pterocarya) outgroup were constructed using semi‐unsupervised gene prediction followed by gene model filtering and functional characterization. The genomes and their annotations represent a set of unique species within a single hardwood genus. Comparative analyses based on the gene models uncovered rapid evolution in multiple gene families as well as contractions related to disease‐response. A whole‐genome duplication was also confirmed in a Juglandaceae common ancestor.
Human impact is a key factor in the evolution of landscape since the mid-Holocene. In this work landscape changes in a mountainous area in central Spain are examined through the analysis of pollen at ...PeA-a Negra mire (CA!ceres), since its formation during the transition period between the third and second millennium cal. b.c. The study focuses on anthropogenic dynamics linked to the effects of livestock husbandry and the use of fire for forest clearance, as the mire is located close to a natural pass across the Bejar Range. With this aim, non-pollen palynomorphs and charcoal accumulation rate are useful indicators to assess the increasing role of human influence on vegetation. Grazing activities are continuously detected from the base of the profile, with maxima in the last millennium, while the use of fire is more pronounced from 3000 to 1000 cal. b.p. The discontinuous presence through the profile of forest species like chestnut, walnut, beech, elm or yew has also been analyzed.
Keratinocytes, one of major cell types in the skin, can be induced by TNF- alpha and IFN- gamma to express thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17), which is considered to be a pivotal ...mediator in the inflammatory responses during the development of inflammatory skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD). In this study, we examined the effect of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl- beta -d-glucose (PGG), isolated from the barks of Juglans mandshurica, on TNF- alpha /IFN- gamma induced CCL17 expression in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. Pretreatment of HaCaT cells with PGG suppressed TNF- alpha /IFN- gamma -induced protein and mRNA expression of CCL17. PGG significantly inhibited TNF- alpha /IFN- gamma -induced NF- Kappa B activation as well as STAT1 activation. Furthermore, pretreatment with PGG resulted in significant reduction in expression of CXCL9, 10, and 11 in the HaCaT cells treated with IFN- gamma . These results suggest that PGG may exert anti-inflammatory responses by suppressing TNF- alpha and/or IFN- gamma -induced activation of NF- Kappa B and STAT1 in the keratinocytes and might be a useful tool in therapy of skin inflammatory diseases.
The investigations entitled "Incidence and relative efficacy of different insecticides against Chaetoprocta (Chaetoprocta odata Hewitson) infesting walnut in Kashmir Valley" were undertaken in three ...major walnut growing areas i.e., Salar (Anantnag), Wussan (Ganderbal) and Kulangam (Kupwara) districts of Kashmir Valley for two cropping seasons 2011 and 2012. Incidence of Chaetoprocta revealed that the pest appeared in second fortnight of March on the terminal twigs and attained its peak population of 65.80 (2010) and 68.80 (2011) in the 1st week of May at Salar (Anantnag). Pooled relative efficacy of different insecticides in field trials at three locations during 2010 and 2011 revealed that high mean percent mortality was registered by imidacloprid 200 SL at 0.03% at all the three locations with pooled mean percent mortality of 91.78 followed by dimethoate 30 EC at 0.05%.
The investigations entitled "Incidence and relative efficacy of different insecticides against Chaetoprocta (Chaetoprocta odata Hewitson) infesting walnut in Kashmir Valley" were undertaken in three ...major walnut growing areas i.e., Salar (Anantnag), Wussan (Ganderbal) and Kulangam (Kupwara) districts of Kashmir Valley for two cropping seasons 2011 and 2012. Incidence of Chaetoprocta (Chaetoprocta odata Hewitson) revealed that the pest appeared in second fortnight of March on the terminal twigs and attained its peak population of 65.80 (2010) and 68.80 (2011) in the 1st week of May at Salar (Anantnag). Pooled relative efficacy of different insecticides in field trials at three locations during 2010 and 2011 revealed that high mean per cent mortality was registered by imidacloprid 200 SL at 0.03% at all the three locations with pooled mean % mortality of (91.78) followed by dimethoate 30 EC at 0.05% (88.71).
Kyrgyzstan's vast grasslands are mountain ecosystems that provide many ecological services (such as water cycling and filtration, nutrient cycling, and soil formation) as well as economic services ...(such as fodder supply). During the post-Soviet transformation, pasture-related challenges arose in new forms and intensities and came to endanger the continued provision of these services. Degradation leads to a worsening shortage of grassland resources, and pasture-related conflicts jeopardize Kyrgyzstan's social integrity. Socioecological problems vary in type and intensity and cannot be explained solely in terms of excessive use by local people. This study looks at the ways in which historical preconditions, current socioeconomic conditions, laws and regulations, and administrative and management practices influence current pasture problems. We analyzed the social and ecological characteristics of diverse pastures in the walnut fruit forest region in southwestern Kyrgyzstan. This study offers an interdisciplinary approach to the establishment of socially and ecologically sustainable pasture management systems, combining social and historical research with ecological vegetation analyses.
The enzyme polyphenol oxidase (PPO) catalyzes the oxidation of phenolic compounds into highly reactive quinones. Polymerization of PPO-derived quinones causes the postharvest browning of cut or ...bruised fruit, but the native physiological functions of PPOs in undamaged, intact plant cells are not well understood. Walnut (Juglans regia) produces a rich array of phenolic compounds and possesses a single PPO enzyme, rendering it an ideal model to study PPO. We generated a series of PPO-silenced transgenic walnut lines that display less than 5% of wild-type PPO activity. Strikingly, the PPO-silenced plants developed spontaneous necrotic lesions on their leaves in the absence of pathogen challenge (i.e. a lesion mimic phenotype). To gain a clearer perspective on the potential functions of PPO and its possible connection to cell death, we compared the leaf transcriptomes and metabolomes of wild-type and PPO-silenced plants. Silencing of PPO caused major alterations in the metabolism of phenolic compounds and their derivatives (e.g. coumaric acid and catechin) and in the expression of phenylpropanoid pathway genes. Several observed metabolic changes point to a direct role for PPO in the metabolism of tyrosine and in the biosynthesis of the hydroxycoumarin esculetin in vivo. In addition, PPOsilenced plants displayed massive (9-fold) increases in the tyrosine-derived metabolite tyramine, whose exogenous application elicits cell death in walnut and several other plant species. Overall, these results suggest that PPO plays a novel and fundamental role in secondary metabolism and acts as an indirect regulator of cell death in walnut.
Given the importance of technology in improving the efficiency of nano food packaging and storage of goods according to the walnut is an important and strategic product for the country. The effect of ...moisture absorption and permeability to water vapor cellulose nanocomposites on moisture and mold and yeast in packed walnuts were studied. The film was prepared based on CMS film and nanocomposite Carboxymethyl cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol-clay and characteristics such as permeability to water vapor and moisture were evaluated. The moisture results and mold and yeast in walnut were analyzed. The results showed that the water vapor permeability was significantly reduced and the g/MhPa 0.036 control film g/mhPa 0.029 for movies with 3% nano clay concentrations decreased. The product features with 0.5% reduction compared to control moisture than Carboxymethyl cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol-clay cover due to maintaining the nutritional value at the end of the maintenance period is shown. With the passage of time (90 days) in all treatment, mold count was significantly (P<0.05) reduced.
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