Water quality is continuously changing because of anthropogenic origin of point and diffuses (non-point) pollution sources. Most of the time diffuse sources are not considered for rationalization of ...sampling sites as their accurate estimation is tedious and data intensive. The estimation of diffuse pollution is conventionally carried out using observed water quality data. These conventional approaches are data intensive and demands detailed information for a considerably long-time horizon and hence becomes challenging to implement in data-scarce regions. Also, diffuse pollution sources are characterized by spatio-temporal heterogeneity as they depend upon seasonal behavior of precipitation. The present study proposes an innovative semi-empirical approach of Seasonal Export Coefficients (SECs) for estimation of diffuse pollution loads, especially for tropical countries like India. This approach takes into account the effect of seasonality on the estimation of diffuse pollution loads, by considering seasonal heterogeneity of terrain and precipitation impact factors and land use applications. This seasonal heterogeneity is then tested for its possible impact on rationalization of water quality monitoring locations for Kali River basin in India. The SECs are estimated for available water quality dataset of 1999–2000 and are further used for simulation of nutrient loading for experimental years 2004–2005, 2009–2010, and 2014–2015. The resulting SECs for Kali river basin are: 2.03 (agricultural), 1.44 (fallow), and 0.92 (settlement) for monsoonal nitrate; while for non-monsoonal nitrate, SECs are 0.51 (agricultural), 0.23 (fallow), and 0.10 (settlement). The monsoonal phosphate SECs for land use classes - agricultural, fallow and settlement are 1.01, 0.68, and 0.25, while non-monsoonal phosphate SECs are 0.27, 0.14 and, 0.03 respectively. The seasonal variation of diffuse pollution sources is effectively captured by SECs. The proposed approach, by considering both point and diffuse pollution, is found efficient in determining optimum locations and number of monitoring sites where seasonal variations are found evident during experimental years.
•Rationalization of water quality monitoring network for diffuse/nonpoint pollution.•Selection of sampling location considering seasonal water quality variations.•Monsoonal water quality variability is accounted for siting optimal sampling points.
The security of using applications in cloud services and on the Internet is an important topic in the field of engineering. In this paper, two laboratory tests for data transmission protection, ...specifically designed for different security analysis techniques, are presented and explained. During lab tests on public Wi-Fi networks from the MIDM (“Man in the Middle”) attacks, various monitoring techniques were applied, using a special lab test scenario with Kali Linux penetration tools by creating an SSH tunnel on an Android mobile device. These test benches allow easy data capturing, and the captured data is processed using available software programs. Expected outcomes, practical improvement and security performance assessment are presented in detail, and considered in terms of their value in security engineering. The aim of this paper is to detect and overcome some of the weaknesses of the application of security protocols in a Wi-Fi network environment.
Pollen from Salsola kali , i.e., saltwort, Russian thistle, is a major allergen source in the coastal regions of southern Europe, in Turkey, Central Asia, and Iran. S. kali- allergic patients mainly ...suffer from hay-fever (i.e., rhinitis and conjunctivitis), asthma, and allergic skin symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of individual S. kali allergen molecules. Sal k 1, Sal k 2, Sal k 3, Sal k 4, Sal k 5, and Sal k 6 were expressed in Escherichia coli as recombinant proteins containing a C-terminal hexahistidine tag and purified by nickel affinity chromatography. The purity of the recombinant allergens was analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Their molecular weight was determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and their fold and secondary structure were studied by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Sera from clinically well-characterized S. kali -allergic patients were used for IgE reactivity and basophil activation experiments. S. kali allergen-specific IgE levels and IgE levels specific for the highly IgE cross-reactive profilin and the calcium-binding allergen from timothy grass pollen, Phl p 12 and Phl p 7, respectively, were measured by ImmunoCAP. The allergenic activity of natural S. kali pollen allergens was studied in basophil activation experiments. Recombinant S. kali allergens were folded when studied by CD analysis. The sum of recombinant allergen-specific IgE levels and allergen-extract-specific IgE levels was highly correlated. Sal k 1 and profilin, reactive with IgE from 64% and 49% of patients, respectively, were the most important allergens, whereas the other S. kali allergens were less frequently recognized. Specific IgE levels were highest for profilin. Of note, 37% of patients who were negative for Sal k 1 showed IgE reactivity to Phl p 12, emphasizing the importance of the ubiquitous cytoskeletal actin-binding protein, profilin, for the diagnosis of IgE sensitization in S. kali -allergic patients. rPhl p 12 and rSal k 4 showed equivalent IgE reactivity, and the clinical importance of profilin was underlined by the fact that profilin-monosensitized patients suffered from symptoms of respiratory allergy to saltwort. Accordingly, profilin should be included in the panel of allergen molecules for diagnosis and in molecular allergy vaccines for the treatment and prevention of S. kali allergy.
Character education is now necessary for the survival of a nation in the midst of rapid and dramatic social change. This study aims to reveal and describe character education in a collection of short ...stories by Wicahyanti Rejeki and its relevance in learning Indonesian in junior high school. This research belongs to the category of literary research with a qualitative descriptive form, using a literary sociology approach with the content analysis method. The data used in this research is a collection of short stories Tepukan Tiga Kali by Wicahyanti Rejeki. The data analysis techniques used are dialectical techniques and interactive techniques. The results showed that the first five short stories from the Tepukan Tiga Kali short story collection studied contained character education values. Character education contained in the five short stories include: faith and piety in God Almighty, global diversity, mutual cooperation, independence, critical reasoning, and creativity. Secondly, the character education values contained in the collection of short stories can help achieve the educational objectives of Indonesian language lessons. The implications of moral and character values contained in literary works play a role in developing cognitive, affective, psychomotor aspects, developing personality, and developing the social personality of junior high school students.
In the present study, inner Kumaun Himalayan region between village Jauljibi and Dobaat along the Kali river has been studied to understand the causes and the distribution of landslides in the area. ...Various geomorphic indices such as longitudinal and topographic swath profile, stream length gradient index, steepness index, and valley floor width to valley height ratio have been extracted for interpreting the active tectonics of the region, and the topographic bedding plane intersection angle (TOBIA) index for the disposition of the bedding or foliation planes of the rocks with respect to the terrain. In addition, the active nature of the thrusts and faults in the region has been interpreted with the offsets or deflection of the river terraces along these thrusts and faults. Interrelationships among these indices and the spatial distribution of landslide indicate that the region between Dharchula and Dobaat is the most tectonically active region as indicated by the presence of Dharchula Fault, Lasku Fault and South Chhiplakot Thrust along with the abnormally high steepness index and knickpoints in the region. Other regions of active tectonics are Dhap—Kalika and Jauljibi—Baniyagaon regions due to Ghatibagarh Kalika Fault, and Berinag Thrust and Rauntis Fault, respectively. In addition it has been reported that the density of landslides in the cataclinal slopes is higher as compared to landslides in the orthoclinal and anaclinal slopes, indicating the role of the disposition of the rocks with respect to the terrain in the spatial distribution of landslides in the study area.
Sand dunes reduce the impact of storms on shorelines and human infrastructure. The ability of these ecosystems to provide sustained coastal protection under persistent wave attack depends on their ...resistance to erosion. Although flume experiments show that roots of perennial plants contribute to foredune stabilization, the role of other plant organs, and of annual species, remains poorly studied. Furthermore, it remains unknown if restored foredunes provide the same level of erosion resistance as natural foredunes. We investigated the capacity of three widespread pioneer foredune species (the perennial Ammophila arenaria and the annuals Cakile maritima and Salsola kali) to resist dune erosion, and compared the erosion resistance of Ammophila at natural and restored sites.
Cores collected in the field were tested in a flume that simulated a wave swash. A multi-model inference approach was used to disentangle the contributions of different below-ground compartments (i.e. roots, rhizomes, buried shoots) to erosion resistance.
All three species reduced erosion, with Ammophila having the strongest effect (36 % erosion reduction versus unvegetated cores). Total below-ground biomass (roots, rhizomes and shoots), rather than any single compartment, most parsimoniously explained erosion resistance. Further analysis revealed that buried shoots had the clearest individual contribution. Despite similar levels of total below-ground biomass, coarser sediment reduced erosion resistance of Ammophila cores from the restored site relative to the natural site.
The total below-ground biomass of both annual and perennial plants, including roots, rhizomes and buried shoots, reduced dune erosion under a swash regime. Notably, we show that (1) annual pioneer species offer erosion protection, (2) buried shoots are an important plant component in driving sediment stabilization, and (3) management must consider both biological (plants and their traits) and physical (grain size) factors when integrating dunes into schemes for coastal protection.
•Major element characteristics and the varied values of CIA of all the studied sediments indicate that the source rocks supplying the detrital load to the Kali River.•The suggests that the river have ...undergone a significant amount of chemical weathering, with subordinate physical weathering.•Most of the major elemental ratio plots characterize the nature of inner and outer lesser Himalayan sediments largely similar to as litharenite.•The geochemical data suggests that most of the sediment source rocks to be felsic (granite and granodiorite), with source rocks from HHCS.
In the Central Himalaya, the Kali River flow through the rocks of Tethys sedimentary (TS) sequences and Higher Himalayan crystallines (HHC) towards the upstream and through the Lesser Himalayan metasedimentary (LHS) the Siwaliks rocks in the downstream. The terrace sediments of the Kali River are geochemically investigated to infer nature of source region i.e. provenance and degree of chemical changes in the known tectonic setting during their journey. The low to high chemical index of alteration (CIA) of sediments (CIA = 22.24–87) indicate a dominant role of chemical and subordinate physical processes during sediment-forming mechanism. The longitudinal course emanating from TS in upper reaches to the Siwaliks in the lower reaches, the sediments along the main Kali River bear higher content Na2O, K2O, CaO and silica fractionation. The high and low ratios of La/Sc, Th/Sc and Co/Th advocate the dominance of felsic component in the source rocks. The content of Al2O3, TiO2, Fe2O3, La, Th, Sc, and Co/Th, La/Sc and Sc/Th ratios indicate the derivation of sediments dominantly from the leucogranite, granite to granodiorite and its gneissic sources, which commonly prevail in the rocks of Higher Himalayan crystallines sequences (HHCS). However, recycling and contribution of some aluminous Tethyan metasediments in the Kali River cannot be ruled out. Geochemical plots involving mobile and immobile elements show that erosion (sediment sorting) and weathering played a dominant role in the gradual change of sediment chemistry from source regions to catchments bed-load in the basin.
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Background
An increasing interest in the field of molecular diagnosis of allergy has been developed in recent years and it goes to be as the routine in vitro protocol in allergy diagnosis. friendly ...allergen nano‐bead array (FABER) is a new multiplex assay for the evaluation of specific IgE against 244 allergens including whole extracts and allergenic molecules. The research intended to assess the pattern of IgE sensitization to allergenic components of allergens in allergic adults using FABER 244.
Methods
Sixty patients with allergic diseases entered this cross‐sectional study. Specific IgE to 122 whole allergens extracts and 122 allergenic components were assessed using an allergen nano‐bead array (FABER) for all patients. This test includes inhalant and food allergens.
Results
Thirty‐seven patients were male (61.7%). The mean (SD) age of patients was 30.73(±6.87) years. As the allergen nano‐bead array results showed, Lolium perenne (63.3%), Phleum pratense (60%) and Platanus acerifolia (51.7%) were considered as the most common IgE sensitizations to the aeroallergen extracts. Moreover, Lol p 1, Phl p 1.0102 and Cup a 1 were found as the most frequent allergenic components in our allergic patients. Among protein families, CCD‐bearing proteins, expansin, cysteine protease and profilin families illustrated the highest allergic sensitization.
Conclusions
The results of the present study demonstrated that despite the higher prevalence of sensitization to Salsola kali (47.2%) using extract‐based assays in the previous phase of this research, allergenic components of grasses (Lol p 1, Phl p 1.0102), Cup a 1 as well as Sal k1 as the major components of Cupressuss arizonica and Salsola kali showed the higher sensitization, respectively, in adults’ allergic patients using FABER test.
Molecular Profile of Specific IgE to Allergenic Components in Allergic Adults using Allergen Nano‐bead Array.
Systematic and Complete Land Registration (PTSL) is a government program to implement single land mapping in Indonesia. The target of PTSL is only for uncertified land in a village or suburb. One of ...the areas implementing PTSL program is Batu City that had previously applied National Agrarian Operation Project (PRONA). As a new registration system, PTSL is worthy to discuss and analyze whether or not systematic and complete land registration has already provided legal certainty for land owners. The method used in this research is juridical-empiric research method using juridical sociological approach. Legal data analysis used is by qualitative descriptive analysis method. According to the research result and analysis, it can be concluded that there are many hindering factors experienced by Agrarian Office of Batu City, PTSL participants and village officials in Batu City. Land registration through PTASL program is, however, still substantial in providing legal certainty for all participants. This is because land certificates that are issued from PTSL is signed by Adjudication Committee Chief. Keywords: first registration, single mapping, systematic ABSTRAKPendaftaran Tanah Sistematis Lengkap (PTSL) merupakan program pemerintah untuk mewujudkan peta tunggal di Indonesia. Sasaran PTSL yaitu bidang tanah yang belum memiliki sertifikat dalam satu kelurahan atau desa. Salah satu daerah yang mengikuti Program PTSL yaitu Kota Batu yang sebelumnya juga mengikuti Proyek Operasi Nasional Agraria (PRONA). Sebagai sistem pendfataran yang baru, PTSL menarik untuk dikaji dan dianalisis agar dapat diketahui faktor penghambat dan pendukung dalam pelaksanaan, perlu pula dikaji dan dianalisis apakah pendaftaran tanah sistematis lengkap telah memberikan kepastian hukum kepada pemilik tanah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode penelitian yuridis empiris dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis sosiologis. Analisis data hukum menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil kajian dan analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa banyak ditemukan faktor penghambat yang muncul dari pihak Kantor Pertanahan Kota Batu, Peserta PTSL, dan pihak Desa atau Kelurahan di Kota Batu. Pendaftaran tanah melalui Program PTSL tetap memberikan kepastian hukum kepada pesertanya. Sertifikat yang diterbitkan melalui PTSL ditandatangani oleh Ketua Panitia Ajudikasi. Kata Kunci: Pendaftaran Pertama Kali, Peta Tunggal, Sistematis
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