Drawing on the theoretical underpinnings of Gyanendra Pandey's work on the construction of minorityhood in India, this article explores how Kurds became a minority in the context of foreign ...intervention in the Ottoman Empire and how a new discourse surrounding 'minorities',
citizenship and rights became elements in a wider discourse on modernity, civilization, sovereignty, identity, citizenship and power. This article ultimately traces the minoritization of the Kurds and how Kurds became minoritized after, but along with, Armenians. Of particular interest
in the present study is how fresh thinking in the field of borderlands history can help illuminate other angles of the minoritization process, here, namely, its connection to territoriality. Thus, here I add to Pandey's concept of 'marked citizenship' to reflect on what I
call 'marked territoriality' as the companion feature in the process of making minorities. I also suggest that the case study I explore in this article may help us tweak the periodization of territoriality itself.
On April 4th, 1980, Saddam Hussein's government initiated a mass deportation of Iraqi citizens to Iran. In total, an estimated one million people were deported between 1980 and 1990. At the same ...time, thousands of the relatives of these deportees were detained as hostages, an estimated 4,000 of whom are still missing. This is considered the first Anfal operation undertaken by the Baʿthist regime against the Kurds.
Psychiatric disorders are significantly associated with the incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, mortality, hospital readmissionn. Oral and dental hygiene may play a role in such ...association. This study aimed to evaluate the controlled direct effect of psychiatric disorders on cardiovascular diseases by controlling the mediating effect of oral and dental hygiene.
The data used for this study came from the baseline phase of Ravansar Non-communicable Disease (RaNCD) cohort study. RaNCD cohort study is including a representative sample of 10,065 adults (35-65 years old) living in Ravansar, a city in the west of Iran. The marginal structural model with stabilized inverse probability weights accounted for potential confounders was used to estimate the controlled direct effect of psychiatric disorders on cardiovascular diseases. Three different models using three mediators including oral and dental hygiene behaviors, oral ulcer and lesions, and decayed, missing, and filled tooth, were used.
Psychiatric disorders increase the odds of cardiovascular diseases by 83% (OR = 1.83, CI 1.27, 2.61) and about two times (OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.74, 2.63) when controlled for oral and dental hygiene behaviors, and oral ulcer and lesions as mediators, respectively. When decayed, missing, and filled tooth, as a mediator, was set at ≤ 8, there was no statistically significant controlled direct effect of psychiatric disorders on cardiovascular diseases (OR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.62, 1.30).
Our results suggested that psychiatric disorder was directly related to cardiovascular diseases even if it was possible to have good oral and dental hygiene. The results suggested that interventions targeting people with psychiatric disorders could reduce prevalence of the cardiovascular diseases.
When religious differences are present within an ethnic group, how do they affect the scope of its nationalist mobilization? The Kurds of Iran presents an ideal case to address this question given ...their religious diversity and varying levels of involvement in Kurdish nationalist movements. Building on an institutional approach to ethnic identity, this article argues that the dynamics of Kurdish ethnic mobilization in Iran reflect the nature of political exclusion in the Islamic Republic that is primarily based on sectarian affiliation. The article, based on original datasets compiled using several languages, including Persian and Kurdish, shows that recruitment into the Kurdish insurgency in Iran is significantly stronger in the Sunni Kurdish areas than the Shiite ones. While religious identity limits the appeal of ethno‐nationalism among the Shiite Kurds, it doubles the sense of marginalization among the Sunni Kurds and makes them more receptive to violent insurgent mobilization.
This article traces the effect of the 'Kurdish opening,' which led to an artistic surge among Turkey's Kurdish minority, and the recent renewal of the conflict, which has significantly inhibited that ...surge. By juxtaposing these two periods, defined in terms of the state's approach to the Kurds, and looking at the field of Kurdish arts as a space, practice, and discourse, it presents a more holistic picture of Kurdish responses to political turbulence in Turkey, where Kurdish cultural identity and its expression have always been an integral part of the Kurdish political struggle.
The fate of Kobani city now hangs in the balance, as around 9000 fighters of the Islamic State organization close in on the Kurdish held area. The current IS assault on the Kobani enclave was not the ...first attempt by the jihadis to destroy the Kurdish-controlled area. Adapted from the source document.
The wave of ethnic conflict that has recently swept across parts
of Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and Africa has led many
political observers to fear that these conflicts are contagious.
...Initial outbreaks in such places as Bosnia, Chechnya, and Rwanda,
if not contained, appear capable of setting off epidemics of
catastrophic proportions. In this volume, David Lake and Donald
Rothchild have organized an ambitious, sophisticated exploration of
both the origins and spread of ethnic conflict, one that will be
useful to policymakers and theorists alike. The editors and
contributors argue that ethnic conflict is not caused directly by
intergroup differences or centuries-old feuds and that the collapse
of the Soviet Union did not simply uncork ethnic passions long
suppressed. They look instead at how anxieties over security,
competition for resources, breakdown in communication with the
government, and the inability to make enduring commitments lead
ethnic groups into conflict, and they consider the strategic
interactions that underlie ethnic conflict and its effective
management. How, why, and when do ethnic conflicts either diffuse
by precipitating similar conflicts elsewhere or escalate by
bringing in outside parties? How can such transnational ethnic
conflicts best be managed? Following an introduction by the
editors, which lays a strong theoretical foundation for approaching
these questions, Timur Kuran, Stuart Hill, Donald Rothchild, Colin
Cameron, Will H. Moore, and David R. Davis examine the diffusion of
ideas across national borders and ethnic alliances. Without
disputing that conflict can spread, James D. Fearon, Stephen M.
Saideman, Sandra Halperin, and Paula Garb argue that ethnic
conflict today is primarily a local phenomenon and that it is
breaking out in many places simultaneously for similar but largely
independent reasons. Stephen D. Krasner, Daniel T. Froats, Cynthia
S. Kaplan, Edmond J. Keller, Bruce W. Jentleson, and I. William
Zartman focus on the management of transnational ethnic conflicts
and emphasize the importance of domestic confidence-building
measures, international intervention, and preventive diplomacy.
Expectant parents often have optimistic expectations of the obstetric ultrasound examination and are unprepared for a diagnosis of foetal anomaly. Research that gives voice to the experiences of ...immigrants faced with a prenatal diagnosis is scarce, and there is a need for more exploratory research that provides insights into the experiences of these persons. The aim of this study was to explore narratives of experiences of immigrants with Arabic or Sorani interpreter needs when presented with a prenatal diagnosis of foetal anomaly.
A web-based tool with open-ended questions was distributed via Arabic and Kurdish non-profit associations and general women's associations in Sweden. Responses were received from six women and analysed with qualitative content analysis.
The analysis resulted in three themes: (1) an unexpected hurricane of emotions, (2) trying to understand the situation though information in an unfamiliar language, and (3) being cared for in a country with accessible obstetric care and where induced abortion is legal.
Immigrant women described an unexpected personal tragedy when faced with a prenatal diagnosis of foetal anomaly, and emphasised the importance of respectful and empathic psychological support. Their experiences of insufficient and incomprehensible information call attention to the importance of tailored approaches and the use of adequate medical interpreting services. There is a need for more descriptive studies that investigate decision-making and preparedness for induced abortion among immigrants faced with a prenatal diagnosis.
This article argues that Kurdish society historically enabled the rise of charismatic women. More recently, upheavals brought by the so-called Arab Spring have acted as a catalyst for Kurdish women ...to improve their social standing. Along with gains made by Kurds in creating new autonomous
spaces, the advancement of Kurdish women constitutes a "double revolution" that shows the feminist and nationalist agendas can be complementary, and not in conflict as they have for the greater part of modern history.
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