En este artículo se cuestiona laevolucióndel grado de integración regionalen lo referente al tema migratoriocon el fin dereflexionar en torno al nivel deconsolidación de la gobernanza regional ...migratoria (GRM) en Argentina y Uruguay–Estadospartesdel Acuerdo sobreResidencia del Mercosur (ARM)–,y en Colombia y Perú –países asociados delmismo Acuerdo–, en un contexto dealtoflujo migratorio de ciudadanos venezolanospor esta subregiónsuramericana.Lametodologíautilizadacombina las perspectivascualitativa y cuantitativa. Se demuestraque en Argentina y Uruguay se aplicóel ARMenconvergencia hacia una GRMcon instituciones regionales fuertes y unaregulación migratoria alineada con el ARM; sin embargo, en Colombia y Perú no se aplicóel acuerdo, pero se asumieron instrumentos jurídicosad hoccon unaconvergencia débil hacia una GRMyse subraya la urgencia de aplicar una gobernanza de la migración regional.
This document questions how the degree of integration in the region is evolving in relation to the migration issue, which allows us to reflect on how consolidated the migration regional governance (GRM) is, in countries such as Argentina and Uruguay which are the Member States of the Mercosur residence agreement (ARM) and Colombia and Peru which are associated to this sameagreement, in a context ofthe high level of Venezuelan emigration through thisSouth American subregion. A mixed methodology was used, qualitatively and quantitatively. It was evidenced that Argentina and Uruguay applied the Mercosur Residency Agreement, with convergence towards a (GRM),however, both Colombia and Peru did not apply the (ARM) until today, but rather they have adopted ad hoclegal instruments, with which the convergence towards a (GRM) is weak and the urgency of the application of regionalmigration governance is underlined.
The causalities between carbon dioxide emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and urbanisation were examined for the panel of five countries (Argentina, Brazil, ...Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela) from Southern Common Market, over thirty-five years (1980-2014), using a panel vector autoregression. The empirical analysis pointed to the existence of bi-directional causality between the consumption of fossil fuels, economic growth, consumption of renewable energy, and carbon dioxide emissions; and a uni-directional relationship between the consumption of renewable energy and urbanisation. The research also proves that the countries from Southern Common Market are dependent on fossil fuels consumption and that urbanisation process is highly linked with the consumption of this type of energy. Additionally, it was found that these countries have low renewable energy participation in their energy mix. Nevertheless, a substitutability effect between the consumption of renewable energy and the consumption of fossil fuels, as a possible response to periods of scarcity in reservoirs, was detected. Policymakers of Southern Common Market countries should speed up the deep reforms regarding renewable energy to mitigate environmental degradation.
O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar as perspectivas para a presidência brasileira do Mercosul, além dos rumos e constrangimentos (neste, destaca-se a adesão de novos membros) a serem ...enfrentados pelo blocos nos anos vindouros.
Este artículo se propone plantear el debate sobre la cohesión regional del MERCOSUR a partir de un modelo y marco analítico formulado para reflexionar acerca de factores que, en una relación ...superpuesta e interconectada, propone el análisis sobre el liderazgo, la interdependencia económica, la convergencia política, la identidad y la institucionalidad en la configuración del MERCOSUR como actor regional ante la coyuntura actual desde un enfoque ecléctico. En este sentido se toman en consideración debates y aportes teóricos de las Relaciones Internacionales, particularidades del proceso del MERCOSUR en sí mismo, así como algunas reflexiones que han tenido lugar en la academia latinoamericana para sentar bases sobre las cuales repensar la integración regional en el caso de MERCOSUR. Como resultado ha tenido lugar la necesidad de cambios en los paradigmas los cuales, implícitamente, han determinado el debate académico y político sobre los factores de cohesión como “factores de éxito” con un carácter normativo y prescriptivo desde el referente europeo y desde una perspectiva racional de las Relaciones Internacionales que ha dejado de lado un análisis instrumental de la realidad para generar reinterpretaciones y reflexiones acerca del proyecto de MERCOSUR desde sus particularidades, realidad y hechos actuales. Como conclusión, el momento al que se asiste en MERCOSUR representa una crisis en la teoría y práctica que plantea el escenario de oportunidad de repensar factores de “éxito” para su cohesión regional y configuración como actor regional dadas las debilidades y fortalezas en sus particularidades de liderazgo, interdependencia económica, convergencia política, identidad e institucionalidad
How and under what conditions does the European Union (EU) shape processes of institution building in other regional organizations? This book develops and tests a theory of interorganizational ...diffusion in international relations that explains how successful pioneer organizations shape institutional choices in other organizations by affecting the institutional preferences and bargaining strategies of national governments. The author argues that Europe’s foremost regional organization systematically affects institution building abroad, but that such influence varies across different types of organization. Mixing quantitative and qualitative methods, it shows how the EU institutionally strengthens regional organizations through active engagement and by building its own institutions at home. Yet the contractual nature of other regional organizations bounds this causal influence: EU influence makes an identifiable difference primarily in those organizations that, like the EU itself, rest on an open-ended contract. Evidence for these claims is drawn from the statistical analysis of a dataset on the institutionalization of 35 regional organizations in the period from 1950 to 2017, as well as from detailed single and comparative case studies on institutional creation and (non-)change in the Southern African Development Community, Mercosur, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and the North American Free Trade Agreement.
Analyses diplomacy and paradiplomacy in the European Union and in Latin America from a multidisciplinary perspective. The paradiplomacy, as a means of unofficial relationships that reacts differently ...to the pressure of the international system, despite its relevance and importance, is scarcely analysed by academia.
Indonesia is the largest economy in the Southeast Asia region, with the largest population in that region as well. Therefore, each productive and industrial sector that helps the growth and ...development of the country and its population gets attraction. The livestock sector can be a good example of the above. In this sense, the countries that make up the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR), that is, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay (Venezuela is suspended) can contribute to develop the livestock sector in Indonesia, looking for further cooperation and business opportunities that can also help to improve the well-being of Indonesians. The objective in this article will be to make a brief approach to the Indonesian livestock sector in general and the beef market, to understand how the MERCOSUR countries could contribute to the development of that. The results of the analysis indicate that Indonesia should develop its livestock sector using best practices that contribute to sustainable development, with support from the public sector. The use of new technologies could contribute to the improvement of the sector, and bovine genetics can contribute to a greater and better supply. It is concluded that the MERCOSUR countries have opportunities to contribute to the growth and development of the livestock sector in Indonesia, through the signing of relevant legal agreements both at the bilateral level and, in the case of MERCOSUR, acting as a bloc.
Esta comunicación se propone dimensionar consecuencias demográficas, económicas y sociales de la confluencia de la crisis sanitaria global provocada por la pandemia de COVID-19 desde marzo del 2020, ...con la preexistente y estructural crisis global del cuidado; recortando como espacio de análisis a países del MERCOSUR: Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay. Seguidamente, se hace un diagnóstico en perspectiva de género sobre políticas públicas de cuidados existentes en la región, en vista de las mudanzas laborales y familiares percibidas desde las últimas décadas en Occidente. Por último, se dimensionan insuficiencias de origen e inadecuaciones históricas de políticas sociales vigentes y amplificadas en el escenario pandémico. La metodología utilizada es mixta, con uso de técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas en el procesamiento de información e interpretación de datos estadísticos, colocándolos en diálogo con la literatura de referencia en políticas y sistemas públicos del cuidado. Los resultados evidencian la necesidad de pensar en la generalización de sistemas públicos de cuidados como instancias superadoras de políticas sociales decimonónicas y originarias del Norte Global que dan señales de agotamiento de ciclo en sociedades del Sur Global y en especial en la región analizada.
Globalization and trade liberalization have wide-ranging effects on employment, labor security, the environment, leading to processes with uneven gender consequences. Departing from a feminist ...approach, this study analyzes the potential impact of the latest EU-Mercosur Agreement on gender inequality. This research conducts a qualitative case- study focusing on the Mercosur, where women face already strong structural economic inequality. It argues that the adoption of a gender mainstreaming approach is essential for promotion of an interregional trade instrument that contributes to women’s economic empowerment. The main findings reveal that the sectors affected by trade liberalization are sensitive to female participation. Yet, the analysis has shown that the draft text negotiated is blind the unequal opportunities that interregional trade liberalization poses to men and women, at least in the case of the Mercosur. As the document is pending ratification, it can be modified. Therefore, the EU and Mercosur still could adopt provisions that account for the uneven gender impact of the agreement, fostering gender equality in the global South.
This paper studies the impact of a regional free trade agreement, MERCOSUR, on technology upgrading by Argentinean firms. To guide empirical work, I introduce technology choice in a model of trade ...with heterogeneous firms. The joint treatment of the technology and exporting choices shows that the increase in revenues produced by trade integration can induce exporters to upgrade technology. An empirical test of the model reveals that firms in industries facing higher reductions in Brazil's tariffs increase investment in technology faster. The effect of tariffs is highest in the upper-middle range of the firm-size distribution, as predicted by the model.
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