The current study develops a hydrogen map concept where renewable energy sources are considered for green hydrogen production and specifically investigates the solar energy-based hydrogen production ...potential in Turkey. For all cities in the country, the available onshore and offshore potentials for solar energy are considered for green hydrogen production. The vacant areas are calculated after deducting the occupied areas based on the available governmental data. Abundant solar energy as a key renewable energy source is exploited by photovoltaic cells. To obtain the hydrogen generation potential, monocrystalline and polycrystalline type solar cells are considered, and the generated renewable electricity is directed to electrolysers. For this purpose, alkaline, proton exchange membrane (PEM), and solid oxide electrolysers (SOEs) are considered to obtain the green hydrogen. The total hydrogen production potential for Turkey is estimated to be between 415.48 and 427.22 Million tons (Mt) depending on the type of electrolyser. The results show that Erzurum, Konya, Sivas, and Van are found to be the highest hydrogen production potentials. The main idea is to prepare hydrogen map in detail for each city in Turkey, based on the solar energy potential. This, in turn, can be considered in the context of the current policies of the local communities and policy-makers to supply the required energy of each country.
•To prepare hydrogen maps based on available solar energy potential for a country.•To assess the green hydrogen production potential of cities from their available extra electric energy.•To show the hydrogen production difference among three commercially available electrolysers.•To compare onshore and offshore hydrogen production potential of different regions of a Turkey.
The potential for generating green hydrogen by electrolysis (water splitting) has resulted in a substantial amount of literature focusing on lowering the current production cost of hydrogen. A ...significant contributor to this high cost is the requirement for precious metals (namely Pt and Ir/Ru (oxides)) to catalyse the two main reactions involved in electrolysis: the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein we overview the current literature of non-precious metal HER and OER catalysts capable of efficient water splitting within a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyser, recording the activity and stability of each catalyst and allowing for direct comparison to be made. Additionally, we highlight the inapplicability of catalyst stability testing in many academic studies for commercial electrolyser applications and propose a universal stability-testing regime for HER and OER catalysts that more accurately mimics the conditions within an operating electrolyser.
•Stability studies of cathodic catalysts don't translate to commercial electrolysis.•Anodic catalyst stability studies are more comprehensive for electrolysis operation.•Stability of novel catalysts needs to be benchmarked against the optimal catalysts.•Combining active and stable first row transition metals shows promising catalysis.•A stability testing regime for proton exchange membrane electrolysis is proposed.
In this work a novel mathematical programming formulation is presented for the simultaneous optimal design and operation of standalone, green hydrogen production systems. There is a pressing need to ...develop, test and commercialize technologies that can contribute in the medium term to our coordinated efforts to combat climate change. The system under study is inherently dynamic due to the stochastic and intermittent nature of meteorological data and there is a likelihood to overestimate its production capacity and economic performance. Failing to identify shortcoming in the design stage can result in expensive operational mistakes that will negatively affect the gathering race to build a massive new hydrogen economy. We present and demonstrate a systematic methodology that could be useful in decarbonizing our energy production systems by optimizing standalone, green hydrogen units and reducing the risk during their commercialization.
•A methodology is developed to optimize standalone green hydrogen production systems•A detailed nonlinear model is proposed that captures design and operational details•A solution methodology is developed that ensures convergence
This paper presents experimental results on the solar photovoltaic/PEM water electrolytes system performance in the Algerian Sahara regions. The first step is to present a photovoltaic module ...characterization under different conditions then validate the results by comparing the measured and calculated values. The main objective of this study is to develop a parametric study on the system performance (open-circuit voltage Voc, short circuit current Is, fill factor FF, maximum power Pm and the efficiency η) under hot climate conditions (Ouargla, Algeria). The ambient temperature effects and solar radiation on the solar PV performance characteristics were investigated using modeling and simulation analysis as well as experimental studies. The results show that the root mean squared error (RMSE) error of the currents and voltages and the mean bias error (MBE) are respectively 0.71%, 0.37% and 0.12%, 0.15%. The relative errors in the current and the voltage are respectively 0.83%–1.76%, and −0.58% to 0.83%. The second part provide some general characteristics concerning the indirect coupling of a lab scale proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyser (HG60) powered by a set of our photovoltaic panels. Experimental results provide practical information for the modules and the electrolysis cells by the indirect coupling. The weather conditions effect on hydrogen production from the electrolyser was also investigated. The results showed a high hydrogen production of 284 L in one day for 08 h of running and the electrolyser power efficiency with solar PV system was between 18 and 40%.
•PV model execution/validated by experimental tests with 0.58%,0.83% error.•Estimation of the temperature effect on the PV parameters experimentally.•Investigation PV/PEM system in indirect coupling got 284 L of H2.•Electrolyser (PEM)/PV system performance was examined Experimental for one day.•PMU make the system run by almost constant current, which increases the stability.
Hydrogen has the potential to become a powerful energy vector with different applications in many sectors (industrial, residential, transportation and other applications) as it offers a clean, ...sustainable, and flexible alternative. Hydrogen trains use compressed hydrogen as fuel to generate electricity using a hybrid system (combining fuel cell and batteries) to power traction motors and auxiliaries. This hydrogen trains are fuelled with hydrogen at the central train depot, like diesel locomotives. The main goal of this paper is to perform a techno-economic analysis for a hydrogen refuelling stations using on-site production, based on PEM electrolyser technology in order to supply hydrogen to a 20 hydrogen-powered trains captive fleet. A sensitivity analysis on the main parameters will be performed as well, in order to acquire the knowledge required to take any decisions on implementation regarding electricity cost, hydrogen selling price, number of operation hours and number of trains for the captive fleet.The main methodology considers the evaluation of the project based on the Net Present Value calculation and the sensitivity analysis through standard method using Oracle Crystal Ball. The main result shows that the use of hydrogen as an alternative fuel for trains is a sustainable and profitable solution from the economic, environmental and safety points of view.The economic analysis concludes with the need to negotiate an electricity cost lower than 50 €/MWh, in order to be able to establish the hydrogen selling price at a rate higher than 4.5€/kg. The number of operating hours should be higher than 4800 h per year, and the electrolyser system capacity (or hydrogen refuelling station capacity) should be greater than 3.5 MW in order to reach a Net Present Value of 7,115,391 € with a Return of Investment set to 9 years. The result of the multiparametric sensitivity analysis for the Net Present Value (NPV) shows an 85.6% certainty that the project will have a positive result (i.e. profitability) (NPV> 0). The two main variables with the largest impact on Net Present Value are the electrolyser capacity (or hydrogen refuelling station capacity) and the hydrogen selling price. Moreover, a margin of improvement (higher NPV) could be reached with the monetization of the heat, oxygen by-product and CO2 emission reduction.
•Green hydrogen can be produced using renewable energy source for rail sector.•Hydrogen Multiple Units has several advantages for use in regional transport.•A viability analysis for green hydrogen production and refuelling was performed.•NPV of € 7115 million and a 9-year pay-back were obtained for this facility.•With 85.6% of confidence, the NPV will be positive (multiparametric analysis).
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•A PEM electrolyser only accounts for up to 25% of the total levelized cost.•P2H offers lower environmental impacts than conventional production in most scenarios.•P2H and P2M must ...use clean electricity in order to provide environmental benefits.•Biogas upgrading reduces the environmental impacts by 2–9% regarding CO2 capture.•Increasing system scale improves both economic and environmental performance.
Interest in power-to-gas (P2G) as an energy storage technology is increasing, since it allows to utilise the existing natural gas infrastructure as storage medium, which reduces capital investments and facilitates its deployment. P2G systems using renewable electricity can also substitute for fossil fuels used for heating and transport. In this study, both techno-economic and life cycle assessment (LCA) are applied to determine key performance indicators for P2G systems generating hydrogen or methane (synthetic natural gas – SNG) as main products. The proposed scenarios assume that P2G systems participate in the Swiss wholesale electricity market and include several value-adding services in addition to the generation of low fossil-carbon gas.
We find that none of the systems can compete economically with conventional gas production systems when only selling hydrogen and SNG. For P2G systems producing hydrogen, four other services such as heat and oxygen supply are needed to ensure the economic viability of a 1MW P2H system. CO2 captured from the air adds $50/MWht of extra levelised cost to SNG compared to CO2 supplied from biogas upgrading plants and it does not offer an economic case yet regardless of the number of services. As for environmental performance, only the input of “clean” renewable electricity to electrolysis result in environmental benefits for P2G compared to conventional gas production. In particular, more than 90% of the life cycle environmental burdens are dominated by the electricity supply to electrolysis for hydrogen production, and the source of CO2 in case of SNG.
Countries' abilities to meet their own energy needs using renewable and clean energy regardless of external sources is an important option in terms of sustainability. Moreover, very low emission ...systems can be developed using a combination of hydrogen energy technologies and renewable energy systems. However, renewable energy shows certain irregularities as a fact of its very nature. However, an energy source that is not affected by irregularities is quite possible using electricity produced from renewable energy in production and storage of hydrogen. At this point, the predictability of a country's energy sources is vital when investing in stable energy systems. In this study, the hydrogen production values of a PEM electrolyser (PEM-E), as supported by GaAs Photovoltaic (GaAsPV) technology, are estimated using data from a meteorological station with high solar energy potential. The observed and predicted solar radiation values constitute the main dataset. Daily radiation estimations are achieved via an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy Logic Inference System (ANFIS), Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Empirical Angström-Prescott (EAP), and Agnostic Deep Learning (DL) models. The system, which consists of a 10 kW (68.10 m2) GaAsPV and 4688 W PEM-E, is considered for the determination of HP values. The root mean square error (RMSE) and the coefficient of determination (R2) are used as performance criteria in comparing hydrogen production based on estimated solar radiation with observed values falling on inclined surfaces. The DL model is highly compatible with the observed data and is the most successful model of those considered with a performance value of 96.26% (R2).
•Hydrogen offers the promise of cleaner industry and emissions-free power.•According to the DL model, annual yields of 281.853 kg/year hydrogen can be produced.•The Deep Learning approach has been successfully applied in modeling hydrogen production.
The study deals with the techno-enviro-economic aspects of hydrogen production using polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysers powered by a hybrid grid-connected tidal-wind energy system. System ...modelling is presented initially. The energy management strategies for hydrogen production are then analysed as rule-based approach and as optimised approach. An objective function to maximise the operating profit under optimal system operation is formulated considering the variable energy costs, capital and maintenance expenditure, and real system constraints. A comprehensive cost analysis of the system is obtained by comparing two different optimisation approaches based on fixed cost and levelised cost factors, respectively. Towards reaching this goal, the use of mixed integer genetic algorithm optimisation is investigated. The operation of electrolyser in terms of its different operating modes, namely stop, running, and stand-by is presented. The dynamic optimisation of an electrolyser capable of working at up to twice its nominal rating for a limited duration is also analysed in the study. The results of the optimisation approach are 41.5% and 47% higher than the rule-based approach in terms of the annualised profit and carbon emission savings, respectively. In addition, the recurrent switching of electrolyser unit operating modes is avoided with the optimisation approach, reducing the associated energy consumption of about 27.2 MWh annually. The proposed model can be used as a generic tool for hydrogen production analysis under different contexts and it is especially applicable in high green energy potential sites with constrained grid facilities.
•Electrolyser modelling based on three different operating modes is presented.•Optimal cost analysis based on fixed and levelised cost approach is formulated.•Detailed cost data definitions for the hybrid system is presented.•Electrolyser operation with peak power operations is found to be advantageous.•Optimisation approach improves system performance compared to the rule-based approach.
Power generation and its storage using solar energy and hydrogen energy systems is a promising approach to overcome serious challenges associated with fossil fuel-based power plants. In this study, ...an exergoeconomic model is developed to analyze a direct steam solar tower-hydrogen gas turbine power plant under different operating conditions. An on-grid solar power plant integrated with a hydrogen storage system composed of an electrolyser, hydrogen gas turbine and fuel cell is considered. When solar energy is not available, electrical power is generated by the gas turbine and the fuel cell utilizing the hydrogen produced by the electrolyser. The effects of different working parameters on the cycle performance during charging and discharging processes are investigated using thermodynamic analysis. The results indicate that increasing the solar irradiation by 36%, leads to 13% increase in the exergy efficiency of the cycle. Moreover, the mass flow rate of the heat transfer fluid in solar system has a considerable effect on the exergy cost of output power. Solar tower has the highest exergy destruction and capital investment cost. The highest exergoeconomic factor for the integrated cycle is 60.94%. The steam turbine and PEM electrolyser have the highest share of exergoeconomic factor i.e., 80.4% and 50%, respectively.
•An exergy-economic model is developed for a solar tower -hydrogen power plant.•A new hydrogen storage system is proposed.•The electrochemical model is validated against experimental data.•Almost 13% increase in the exergy efficiency of the cycle is achievable. .
Power-to-gas (P2G) is a modular technology which offers several benefits to different types of networks and sectors while playing the role of mid-term and long-term energy storage. The core element ...of a P2G plant is the electrolyser which transforms low cost and/or renewable electricity into hydrogen. A thorough analysis of the implications of selecting an electrolyser technology (namely alkaline or PEM) and scale is key for understanding the performance and economic benefits of P2G plants generating hydrogen or methane.
In this study, a dynamic P2G model accounting for electrolyser ageing is presented following a bottom-up approach in which the electrolyser cell is modelled by means of its polarisation curve. This model allows to determine the performance, levelised cost and value of P2G plants purchasing electricity and selling gas in the wholesale market, depending on the system configuration under the Swiss regulatory context. The results indicate that technical and economic benefits increase with the electrolyser rating but those improvements are more marked for systems on the kW scale while levelling off for the MW scale. Higher capacity factors (by approximately 11%) are needed for PEM electrolysers compared to alkaline electrolysers in order to minimise the levelised cost.
•Alkaline versus PEM and hydrogen versus methane are compared for power-to-gas.•Wholesale electricity market operation was optimised for each configuration.•Alkaline electrolysers operated with 11% lower capacity factor than PEM systems.•The levelised cost of PEM systems was 15% higher than alkaline systems.•Internal rate of return values where higher than discount rate for the MW scale.
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