With the goal of building 310 hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) in Korea by 2022, restrictions, such as location restrictions and separation distances, are being eased, so developing ways to improve ...technology and safety. As HRSs contain major facilities such as compressors, storage tanks, dispenser, and priority control panels, and a leakage could result in a large fire or explosion caused by an ignition source. To perform quantitative risk assessment, programs, namely, Hy-KoRAM and Phast/Safeti were used in this study. It could determine the damage range and effect on radiant heat and flame length, as well as personal and societal risks, using these programs. The crossanalysis of the two programs also improves the facility's safety and the reliability of the results.
•South Korea's 2022 roadmap to revitalize the hydrogen economy by building 310 HRSs.•A plan to improve safety by easing restrictions on location and separation distance.•Performing quantitative risk assessment using two programs—Hy-KoRAM, Phast/Safeti.•Cross-analyzing the extent and impact of damage and personal and social risks.•Deriving useful results contributing to the expansion of hydrogen charging stations.
Background and Objective: The transportation of dangerous materials can lead to catastrophic accidents in metropolises. Assessment of the risk of transporting such materials and determination of the ...consequences can prevent possible accidents and consequences. Materials and Methods: In this regard, the TRRI method was used to estimate the quantitative risk index. Assessment and analysis of determinantal damages resulting from accidents of sudden discharge of such hazardous materials were performed by PHAST software. Furthermore, Pathfinder software was used to simulate individual reactions, and manage conditions and their distance from the accident zone. Results: Assessing the risk of transportation of jet fuel was estimated to be 144 using the TRRI method. Analysis of the consequences indicated that the sudden discharge of fuel in the first six months of the year, the consequence of the explosion of a jet fuel tanker up to a radius of 120 meters cause irreparable damage to the surrounding buildings. The findings of this simulation showed that the pool fire scenario of the people who are exposed to 12.5 kW/m2 radiation in the first and second half of the year in the sudden discharge scenario prevents the person from first or second-degree burns. Conclusion: Considering the significant road transport of hazardous materials and the high severity of the consequences of possible accidents in the intracity transportation of jet fuel, designing a time of safe transportation of materials along with determining safer routes can reduce the risk of such incidents.
Introduction: The main purpose of this research is modeling based on PHAST software, and achieving safe distances for deploying firefighting teams at the time of accidents as consequences of leakage, ...fire and explosion in some of the process equipment of Persian Gulf Star Gas Condensate Refinery.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019. In this study, two possible types of fire in the single distillation process (sudden fire and burst fire) were investigated. The explosion of one of the towers was also simulated to determine the extent of the effects of these events.
Findings: In the jet fire of the output line of furnace 101, the minimum distance from the accident site should be considered 120 meters, which according to the standards related to heat flux, up to a distance of 66 meters, the probability of death will be 100%. In addition, due to the pressure wave created in the wide range prone to flash fire in the rupture of the output line of furnace 101, the explosion of the fire station also affects.
Conclusion: According to the data obtained from the simulation, the authors concluded that in the event of leaks in the open air (flammable materials), the greatest danger threatening people and equipment, and consequently the firefighting team, is the occurrence of flash fire, which usually covers a wide area.
OCI Nitrogen seeks to gain knowledge of (leading) indicators regarding the process safety performance of their ammonia production process. The current research determines the most dangerous process ...equipment by calculating their effects resulting from a loss of containment using DNV GL's Phast™ dispersion model. In this paper, flammable and toxic effects from a release from the main equipment of an ammonia plant have been calculated. Such an encompassing approach, which can be carried out for an entire plant, is innovative and has never been conducted before. By using this model, it has been demonstrated that the effects arising from an event of failure are the largest in process equipment containing pressurized synthesis gas and ‘warm’ liquid ammonia, meaning the ammonia buffer tanks, ammonia product pumps, and the ammonia separator. Most importantly, this document substantiates that it is possible to rank the most hazardous process equipment of the ammonia production process based on an adverse impact on humans using the calculated effect distance as a starting point for a chance of death of at least 95%. The results from the effect calculations can be used for risk mapping of an entire chemical plant or be employed and applied in a layer of protection analysis (LOPA) to establish risk mitigation measures.
•The presented method enables to measure the adverse impact on humans from any release in a (petro)chemical plant.•The most dangerous process equipment of the ammonia production process is ranked.•The ranking is based on the calculated effect distance for a chance of death of at least 95%.•The effects may come from releases of both flammable and toxic substances.
The extensive and detailed network of oil and gas transmission lines in the National Oil Company passes through overpasses and underpasses in various places. The 33 km oil pipeline from Mansouri oil ...field to Booster Ahvaz, will bring many personal and environmental risks from residential areas. In order to assess the risk of constructing this pipeline, the amount of oil release in three different types of small, medium and large leaks was evaluated hydraulically and dynamically by OLGA software. Among the 6 analyzed scenarios, in the case of complete pipeline rupture about 220 tons of oil will be released in the environment within 5 minutes, which will cause many individual, and environmental risks. At the next step, the consequences of leaking this amount of oil were evaluated with PHAST software. Based on the results, the maximum safe space related to individual risk has been created in the vicinity of Masharahat village, where the individual risk area of the ALARP is 760 meters away and near the village of Abu Bakriyeh 730 meters from the center of the oil pipeline, and practically a part of the mentioned villages is in Within the ALARP zone, individual risk is placed. By installing line break valves in the middle and end of the pipeline, trying to reduce the corrosion rate of the pipeline, trying to reduce human errors in incorrect operation of the line will reduce the risk of using the pipeline, especially in places where the line is located near the mentioned villages.
Introduction: Each year, many accidents occur in processing industries such as oil, gas, and petrochemicals. Processing industries mostly work with hazardous chemicals and units in high temperature ...and high-pressure conditions like reactors and storage tanks. The study aimed to model the consequences of a complete tank rapture (explosion and fire) and specify the intensity caused by the events.
Materials and methods: The applied method in this study was based on the Quantitative Risk Assessment method. This method is used for risk assessment in chemical, petroleum, gas, and petrochemical processes and transport industries. Initially, the process associated with the monomer vinyl-chloride storage tank was identified. At the next stage, the scenarios and probable hazards were identified and defined and the PHAST Risk 7.11 was run for modeling the consequences.
Results: The most dangerous consequences of vinyl-chloride storage tanks include sudden fire and explosion in a complete tank rapture. In a full tank-explosion, the radiation of the explosion wave was once recorded as 79 meters with the death probability of 99 percent.
Conclusion: Each explosion or probable rapture in monomer vinyl-chloride tanks may cause terrible consequences. The vinyl-chloride monomer storage process is a high-risk process that is not tolerable. To reduce the risk, the consequence intensity, the consequence probability, and the exposure amount should be reduced. To this end, it is highly recommended to use smaller tanks, modify operational variables (capacity, pressure, temperature, etc.), and reduce the level of exposure in similar projects.
Fire is the most prevalent accident in natural gas facilities. In order to assess the risk of fire in a gas processing plant, a fault tree analysis (FTA) and event tree analysis (ETA) has been ...developed in this paper. By utilizing FTA and ETA, the paths leading to an outcome event would be visually demonstrated. The framework was applied to a case study of processing plant in South Pars gas complex. All major underlying causes of fire accident in a gas processing facility determined through a process hazard analysis (PHA). Fuzzy logic has been employed to derive likelihood of basic events in FTA from uncertain opinion of experts. The outcome events in event tree has been simulated by computer model to evaluate their severity. In the proposed methodology the calculated risk has the unit of cost per year which allows the decision makers to discern the benefit of their investment in safety measures and risk mitigation.
•We have used fuzzy logic to model the uncertainty originating from expert opinion where there is data scarcity.•Fuzzy Boolean operations substituted for fuzzy if-then-rules to calculate probability in FTA and ETA.•Computer simulation is employed for more accurate consequence analysis of probable outcome events.•The calculated risk is expressed in the unit of cost so that it is more concrete.
Process facilities handling hazardous chemicals in large quantities and elevated operating conditions of temperature/pressure are attractive targets to external attacks. The possibility of an ...external attack on a critical installation, performed with an intention of triggering escalation of primary incidents into secondary and tertiary incidents, thereby increasing the severity of consequences needs to be effectively analysed. A prominent Petrochemical Industry located in Kerala, India was identified for studying the possibility of a deliberately induced domino effect. In this study, a dedicated Bayesian network is developed to model the domino propagation sequence in the chemical storage area of the industry, and to estimate the domino probabilities at different levels. This method has the advantage of accurately quantifying domino occurrence probabilities and identifying possible higher levels of escalations. Moreover, the combined effect from multiple units can be modelled easily and new information can be added into the model as evidences to update the probabilities. Phast (Process hazard analysis) software is used for consequence modelling to determine the impact zones of the identified primary and secondary incidents. The results of the case study show that such analyses can greatly benefit green field and brown field projects in determining the appropriate safety and security measures to be implemented or strengthened so as to reduce its attractiveness to external threat agents.
•The possibility of deliberately induced domino effect is studied for a prominent Petrochemical industry in Kerala, India.•Bayesian network model developed to model domino propagation sequence and estimate domino probabilities at different levels.•Phast software is used to determine the impact zones of the identified primary and secondary incidents.•Such analyses benefit green field and brown field projects in determining the appropriate safety and security measures to be implemented .
PhreeqcRM is a geochemical reaction module designed specifically to perform equilibrium and kinetic reaction calculations for reactive transport simulators that use an operator-splitting approach. ...The basic function of the reaction module is to take component concentrations from the model cells of the transport simulator, run geochemical reactions, and return updated component concentrations to the transport simulator. If multicomponent diffusion is modeled (e.g., Nernst–Planck equation), then aqueous species concentrations can be used instead of component concentrations. The reaction capabilities are a complete implementation of the reaction capabilities of PHREEQC. In each cell, the reaction module maintains the composition of all of the reactants, which may include minerals, exchangers, surface complexers, gas phases, solid solutions, and user-defined kinetic reactants.
PhreeqcRM assigns initial and boundary conditions for model cells based on standard PHREEQC input definitions (files or strings) of chemical compositions of solutions and reactants. Additional PhreeqcRM capabilities include methods to eliminate reaction calculations for inactive parts of a model domain, transfer concentrations and other model properties, and retrieve selected results. The module demonstrates good scalability for parallel processing by using multiprocessing with MPI (message passing interface) on distributed memory systems, and limited scalability using multithreading with OpenMP on shared memory systems. PhreeqcRM is written in C++, but interfaces allow methods to be called from C or Fortran. By using the PhreeqcRM reaction module, an existing multicomponent transport simulator can be extended to simulate a wide range of geochemical reactions. Results of the implementation of PhreeqcRM as the reaction engine for transport simulators PHAST and FEFLOW are shown by using an analytical solution and the reactive transport benchmark of MoMaS.
•We present PhreeqcRM—a reaction module for reactive transport models.•Multicomponent transport models in C++, C, and Fortran can be coupled to PhreeqcRM.•The module has built-in parallelization by either OpenMP or MPI.•PhreeqcRM has been implemented in FEFLOW and PHAST.•Results are shown for the MoMaS benchmark that tests numerical methods for nuclear waste management.
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Natural disasters such as large earthquakes may rapidly result in cascading events such as post-earthquake fires (PEFs) to trigger. This is particularly the case in industrial facilities which is ...well known as natural-hazard triggered technological accidents (NaTechs). This study provides a response framework for NaTechs caused by earthquake in fuel storage facilities. To do this, seismic vulnerability of fuel storage tanks and possible damage fashions are studied. Considering fuel leakages can result in PEFs, possible scenarios are simulated numerically using Process Hazard Analysis Software Tool (PHAST). A case study including 20 fuel tanks adjacent one to another is investigated to simulate a domino effect when different arbitrary tanks start to ignite; hence, the worst case scenario can be determined. Based on the results of the case studied, inability to extinguish the possible PEFs over less than 9 min can lead to spreading them to the adjacent tanks. The results indicate that it takes about 40 min the adjacent tanks involve in the fires. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to provide an emergency response plan in advance to properly respond to the fires. The study here also highlights the role of preventive strategies in reducing the associated risks of PEFs in industrial facilities.
•To define reasons of post-earthquake fires (PEFs) in fuel storage facilities.•To model PEFs in fuel storage facilities.•To simulate a domino effect in fuel storage facilities.•To propose an emergency response plan to reduce the associated risk of PEFs.
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