For much of the twentieth century, the intellectual life of the Ottoman and Arabic-Islamic world in the seventeenth century was ignored or mischaracterized by historians. Ottomanists typically saw ...the seventeenth century as marking the end of Ottoman cultural florescence, while modern Arab nationalist historians tended to see it as yet another century of intellectual darkness under Ottoman rule. This book is the first sustained effort at investigating some of the intellectual currents among Ottoman and North African scholars of the early modern period. Examining the intellectual production of the ranks of learned ulema (scholars) through close readings of various treatises, commentaries, and marginalia, Khaled El-Rouayheb argues for a more textured - and text-centered - understanding of the vibrant exchange of ideas and transmission of knowledge across a vast expanse of Ottoman-controlled territory.
In the scholarly literature on Plato's Republic, one of the abiding questions has been and remains: why must the philosopher return to the cave? Socrates's claim that philosophers will do so ...willingly thanks to their feeling of duty to the polis is rather unsatisfying and doesn't mesh with the ethical framework presented by the Republic as a whole. Here, I draw on the work of Eric Voegelin and John von Heyking, in order to propose a two-axis model of what I call the erotic-hermetic structure of the philosophical life. By emphasizing the horizontal (i.e. hermetic, or interpersonal) element of the philosophical life, I argue that the philosopher, in order to be what he or she is in the fullest sense, must return to the cave.
Francis Bacon (1561-1626), commonly regarded as one of the founders of the Scientific Revolution, exerted a powerful influence on the intellectual development of the modern world. He also led a ...remarkably varied and dramatic life as a philosopher, writer, lawyer, courtier, and statesman. Although there has been much recent scholarship on individual aspects of Bacon's career, Perez Zagorin's is the first work in many years to present a comprehensive account of the entire sweep of his thought and its enduring influence. Combining keen scholarly and psychological insights, Zagorin reveals Bacon as a man of genius, deep paradoxes, and pronounced flaws. The book begins by sketching Bacon's complex personality and troubled public career. Zagorin shows that, despite his idealistic philosophy and rare intellectual gifts, Bacon's political life was marked by continual careerism in his efforts to achieve advancement. He follows Bacon's rise at court and describes his removal from his office as England's highest judge for taking bribes. Zagorin then examines Bacon's philosophy and theory of science in connection with his project for the promotion of scientific progress, which he called The Great Instauration. He shows how Bacon's critical empiricism and attempt to develop a new method of discovery made a seminal contribution to the growth of science. He demonstrates Bacon's historic importance as a prophetic thinker, who, at the edge of the modern era, predicted that science would be used to prolong life, cure diseases, invent new materials, and create new weapons of destruction. Finally, the book examines Bacon's writings on such subjects as morals, politics, language, rhetoric, law, and history. Zagorin shows that Bacon was one of the great legal theorists of his day, an influential philosopher of language, and a penetrating historian. Clearly and beautifully written, the book brings out the richness, scope, and greatness of Bacon's work and draws together the many, colorful threads of an extraordinarily brilliant and many-sided mind.
Desde los primeros libros publicados por Jean Paul Sartre se puede observar la crítica que hace el autor francés a la tradición metafísica de occidente, dirigida en específico a filósofos de la ...modernidad. Por ejemplo, L'Imagination y lo L'imaginaire son dos textos consagrados a cuestionar "los grandes sistemas metafísicos".1 Además, en estas primeras investigaciones, Sartre descubre un principio que le permitiría elaborar su obra El sery la nada ¿Cuál es este principio? Saber cuál es este principio y su importancia en la elaboración del Sery la Nada corresponde al objetivo principal de este ensayo. Para lograrlo, se estudiará la crítica que hace Sartre a filósofos de la modernidad (Descartes y Hume) y su propuesta para superar, lo que en palabras del mismo Sarte se denomina: "metafísica ingenua de la imagen" (1978, p. 9), que no es más que el hecho de cosificar a la imagen.
Jelen tanulmány célja, hogy a Fenntartható államkormányzás és innovatív közszolgáltatások elnevezésu TKP-s kutatási alprojekt égisze alatt a napjainkban egyre akutabbá váló klíma- és ökológiai válság ...államelméleti és politikai filozófiai szempontból is releváns kérdését a természettel kapcsolatos konzervatív felfogás3 egy példájára, Carl Schmitt munkásságára koncentrálva járja körül. Érdemes kiemelnünk, hogy Schmitt nem fejtett ki explicit természetfelfogást, így arra csak a különbözo írásaiban elszórt „gondolatmagvakból" következtethetünk.
One of important philosophical problems in environmental philosophy is the existential relation between man and nature. This mirrors the earlier relationship between man and nature as God’s creation. ...The core principle here is relationality. Man and nature in modern thought are considered as separate substances with an abstract relation between the two. These divisions which emerge with Modern thought operate on the basis of rational distinctions and the attempt to substantiate and verify. Such an approach often isolates Nature as a distinct region of being, where nature is divided into parts and analyzed in isolation. With such analysis and reduction, the interrelationships and interconnectedness among beings as well as among parts of the whole disappear. As a result, nature is considered as a big machine, and being is treated as a static substance. Many modern Western philosophers consider being as merely as a nominal concept. Contrary to this mainstream modern thought, the philosophers Mullā Ṣadrā and Whitehead hold that nature as well as the entire corporeal world is a substance in a continuous process of change and becoming. For Mullā Ṣadrā, nature in essence is a process of ‘trans-substantial motion’ (al-harakat aljawhariyyah). This principle is derived from his reflection on the univocal meaning of being that brings about his fundamental doctrines, i.e, the principiality of being (aṣalat al-wujūd) and the gradation of being (tashkīk al- wujūd). For Whitehead, the actual world is a process of becoming of actual entities. In accordance with his philosophical system, to explicate his thought, Whitehead coins the term of ‘actual occasions’ to denote all beings in the corporeal world. He rejects critically the mechanistic viewpoint of modern thought. This paper attempts to introduce several basic principles from Mullā Ṣadrā and Whitehead to provide an alternative philosophical foundation for the environmental movement.
Rene Girard (1923–2015) – French philosopher, professor of Stanford University, the member of Acadamie Francaise, the author of numerous works, some of which have recently become accessible to the ...Russian audience. His most popular books: "Resurrection from the Underground", "Violence and the Sacred", "Things Hidden since the Foundation of the World", "Job, the Victim of His People", "I See Satan Fall Like Lightning", "The Scapegoat". However, Rene Girard's conceptual heritage has not been properly appreciated by philosophers due to the diversity of creative aspirations of the thinker. Most often, he is called a professional philologist, religious scholar, cultural scientist, and his work as an innovator in the field of social and humanitarian sciences is associated with the creation of fundamental anthropology and the theory of culture based on it. Studying the works of Rene Girard is an exciting activity, supposing the immersion in the literary texts and biblical stories analyzed by him. These texts serve the author as a basis for solving the questions of vital importance for human existence and being. The search for answers to vital questions has always concerned both philosophers and theologians. Above all those are the questions related to the grasping of spiritual truths. Not always Girard formulated their meaning directly but through the introducing concepts that reveal the deeper aspects of socially directed human actions, providing these actions with a new categorical meaning. Thus, in the book "The Scapegoat", which will be analyzed in the given paper, the philosopher shows that the human ability to perceive own misery as the punishment for the specific misbehavior or sins is just the superficial point of view and it witnesses of the introvert character of the man/woman. But any personal catastrophe is also a sacrifice – precisely such point of view according to the biblical story of Job not only reconciles the man with life circumstances but raises him over them. Girard shows that the search for external causes that explain human misfortunes or catastrophes on a larger scale runs through the entire history of mankind is reflected in literature, historical and cultural monuments from Sophocles to Jesus. This article is devoted to the interpretation of the main conceptual ideas of Girard from the position of philosophical hermeneutics in order to clarify the philosophical foundations of fundamental anthropology.
Resumen / Abstract En el presente trabajo pretendo mostrar que el pensamiento de Carl Schmitt tiene un carácter marcadamente filosófico. Carl Schmitt, comprensión jurídica, hermenéutica, filosofía ...jurídica, juicio reflexionante, comprensión tecnológica. In the present work, I intend to show that Carl Schmitt s thought is eminently philosophical, more precisely, that a theory of understanding lies at its ground. Keywords: Carl Schmitt, juridical understanding, hermeneutics, philosophy of law, reflective judgment, technological understanding. 1.Autocomprensión de Schmitt como jurista Carl Schmitt es uno de los pensadores políticos y jurídicos más importantes del siglo XX. Sin embargo, existen múltiples pasajes repartidos por sus diferentes obras que, interpretados conjuntamente, sí permiten observar que Schmitt da un paso justificado al vincular la comprensión como tal y la comprensión jurídica, y al entender al derecho como forma fundamental de comprensión.
The article is devoted to the issue of an understanding of a person's way of life through the prism of perception of Aristotle's ethical teachings as an important element of human culture, expressed ...in the virtuous attitude of people to the world. The presented article reveals the key aspects of virtue in the "Aristotelian" sense and the understanding of the correctness of human actions by the ancient philosopher. As the main value and moral guideline, the scale of virtuous knowledge developed by Aristotle is considered, where virtue itself is the "golden mean", and extremes (vices) are found on different sides of the latter. This work reflects the views of the ancient philosopher on human virtue. He considers the right actions of a person from the point of view of conscious moderation and reasonable prudence in their commission while rejecting the desire to help a person at any cost, as the basis of the measure virtue. Aristotle sees the achievement of "happiness" as the main goal of human behavior. But a feeling of satisfaction from the blissful state should not be expressed as a result of neglect of the moral principles of society but rather through personal growth, achieved through self-improvement, self-restraint, and detachment from attachment to the benefits of the outside world. According to Aristotle, sensory pleasures are achieved not by striving to achieve a comfortable existence in any way but by sensible and moderate motives of a person to feel genuine pleasure through the right actions. It is noted that the Aristotelian doctrine of virtue requires its theoretical understanding and analysis within the framework of the ethics of virtue, which claims to be the practical application of its results in modern society.
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