Political legitimacy in Islamic history has seen significant developments and has been characterized by diversity in terms of the means to achieve power and secure the allegiance of the subjects. ...Among these states is the Fatimid Caliphate, which was distinguished by a unique legitimacy associated with several factors including doctrinal, genealogical, and proselytizing elements. All these aspects contributed to some extent to the establishment of this state's legitimacy. However, during its reign, the state experienced specific breakthroughs that led to weaknesses and a lack of cohesion. Initially, from the year 297 Hijri until 358 Hijri, it was a phase of building and establishing the state and laying its initial foundations and preserving them. Later, especially after the transfer of the Fatimid Caliphate to Egypt, the state began to enforce legitimacy through preachers and religious institutions, actively working on developing political legitimacy based on the Shia doctrinal vision and disseminating it among the people. Nevertheless, in a subsequent phase, especially during the reign of Caliph Al-Mustansir Billah, the state suffered from divisions and instances of fragmentation and lukewarmness in practicing this legitimacy and convincing the populace of it, while maintaining the state's prestige through it amid economic and political crises that spread within it, making it impossible to restore affairs to their proper state again after ministers intervened in appointing and deposing caliphs.
After more than a decade of political stability, in 2019 Bolivia suffered a major political crisis that ended with the resignation of a long-standing President, amidst popular unrest after a ...questioned election. While the crisis was the immediate result of a questionable attempt by the President to skip constitutional term limits, its roots can be found in the declining rates of support and satisfaction with democracy among citizens and in the polarization reaching democratic support. Using survey data from LAPOPs AmericasBarometer, this article finds that national averages for different measures for democratic support show declining trends, and, perhaps more importantly, they also show high levels of polarization, with supporters of the president showing radically different attitudes that those who are critics of the government, particularly during critical times. Cluster analyses performed on the same data indicate that the proportion of individuals who share attitudes that can be considered as “institutionalists” has been declining, while the proportion of those who support extra-powers for the executive and authoritarian alternatives, has increased. The article concludes discussing some risks for Bolivian democracy within its citizens’ attitudes towards democratic institutions.
La década de 2010, iniciada con la crisis financiera, continuada con la de los refugiados y culminada con la del coronavirus en 2020, ha consolidado los enfoques teóricos en torno al campo político ...europeo como algo más que un entorno diplomático en el que gobiernos nacionales negocian políticas comunes. Sin embargo, la crisis del coronavirus ha dado lugar a una respuesta más rápida y decisiva que las anteriores, movilizando una cantidad de recursos sin precedentes y construyendo nuevos consensos a un ritmo no contemplado anteriormente. El artículo plantea desde la sociología política que las recientes crisis europeas revelan una transformación en las formas de ejercicio de la política que llamamos «intergubernamentalidad», un proceso compatible con la transformación de los campos políticos nacionales a través de la politización de la UE.
The recession of 2008 precipitated a political crisis that motivated an unprecedented international project to curb corporate tax dodging. This Article argues, contrary to dominant scholarly views, ...that this effort transformed international tax—changing its participants, agenda, institutions, norms, and even its legal forms. Perhaps most important, efforts to close corporate tax loopholes widened a rift over revenues that threatens a hundred-year-old tax treaty framework. This Article identifies and critically evaluates these changes.
We experimentally investigate how and when the public responds to government actions during times of crisis. Public reactions are shown to follow different processes, depending on whether government ...performs in exemplary or unsatisfactory ways to the COVID‐19 pandemic. The ‘how’ question is addressed by proposing that negative moral emotions mediate public reactions to bad government actions, and positive moral emotions mediate reactions to good government actions. Tests of mediation are conducted while taking into account attitudes and trust in the government as rival hypotheses. The ‘when’ question is studied by examining self‐regulatory moderators governing the experience of moral emotions and their effects. These include conspiracy beliefs, political ideology, attachment coping styles and collective values. A total of 357 citizens of a representative sample of adult Norwegians were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and a control group, where complaining, putting pressure on the government and compliance to Covid‐19 policies were dependent variables. The findings show that negative moral emotions mediate the effects of government doing badly on complaining and pressuring the government, with conspiracy beliefs moderating the experience of negative moral emotions and attachment coping moderating the effects of negative moral emotions. The results also show that positive moral emotions mediate the effects of government doing well on compliance with COVID‐19 regulations, with political ideology moderating the experience of positive moral emotions and collective values moderating the effects of positive moral emotions.
The public discourse over Israel's unprecedented political crisis in 2019-2021 (four general elections in only two years) has focused on the personality and actions of one person: Prime Minister ...Benjamin Netanyahu. Relying on a series of public opinion polls during Netanyahu's second term (2009-2021), we examine the triadic relationship between the following components: (1) sentiments toward Netanyahu, (2) affiliation with ethno-class Jewish status groups, and (3) political attitudes along the liberal-conservative continuum. We show that while there are real socio-political divisions behind the controversy over Netanyahu, the conflict around his public image reflects and shapes the boundaries between various Jewish ethno-class status groups and enables alignments along these boundaries. The centrality of Netanyahu's image in Israeli politics, we argue, substitutes substantive political discussions and has stemmed from the failure of some political actors, and especially the Secular Ashkenazi group, to articulate a coherent political vision.
In the wake of the social, economic, and political crisis in their own country, millions of Venezuelans have fled to neighboring Colombia. This study aims to understand how temporary shelters in ...Colombia meet the needs of Venezuelan newcomers-and why, in many cases, they do not. Using the framework of temporal uncertainty, this article explores how periods of waiting perpetuate a form of violence on migrants which shelters attempt to mitigate. Findings highlight the challenges of shelter work in this context and the obstacles facing one of the largest migrations in the world today.
This article tests the plausibility of an affect‐centered framework for foreign policy analysis, using the 2014 annexation of Crimea as an illustrative case. It identifies questions left open by ...prevailing accounts based on international relations theory and shows how a supplementary conceptual lens can improve existing explanations. The affective perspective suggests that the Russian president deemed intervention in Ukraine without alternative. Otherwise, Russia would have surrendered any claim to relevance in European security. More saliently, the ouster of Yanukovych, as a possible precedent for Russia, frightened Putin and increased his resolve to take action. Also, contrary to the interpretation of the annexation as an improvised reaction to a political crisis, evidence suggests that the Russian elite welcomed the opportunity to break free from uncomfortable partnership dynamics with the West.
Lo que tradicionalmente se consideraba un ejercicio democrático sin mayores inconvenientes, como las elecciones primarias celebradas el 14 de marzo con la participación de las tres fuerzas políticas ...mayoritarias, luego se caracterizó no solo por los retos que implica organizar comicios en medio de una emergencia sanitaria. A esto se le suma los procesos de reformas legislativas e institucionales pendientes en materia electoral, iniciados a partir de la crisis política originada en las elecciones generales de 2017. En este contexto, el objetivo de este análisis es reflexionar en torno a las principales etapas del proceso electoral primario conducido por los nuevos organismos electorales; para ello se enfatizará en los acontecimientos de la etapa preelectoral que condicionaron el desarrollo de la jornada electoral y la presentación de reclamos en la etapa poselectoral. El análisis se sitúa en el proceso primario, pero a la vez deja entrever el riesgo latente de que los hechos se repitan o se agraven en la celebración de las elecciones generales del 28 de noviembre de 2021 debido al poco tiempo para el logro de consensos partidarios que den paso a la aprobación e implementación de reformas entre la finalización del proceso primario el 13 de abril y la convocatoria del proceso electoral general a cargo del Consejo Nacional Electoral el 27 de mayo.
The expanding literature on growth regimes has recently been applied to explain the growth of populist movements across the OECD. Such applications posit a stand-off between debtors and creditors as ...the core conflict that generates populism. While insightful, the theory has problems explaining why, in some European countries, such movements pre-date both the global financial crisis and the austerity measures that followed, factors that are commonly seen as causing the rise of populism. This article takes a different tack. It derives shifts in both political parties and party systems from the growth regime framework. In doing so it seeks to explain the evolution of the cartel form of party that dominated the political systems of Europe from the late 1990s through to the current period and why that form proved unable to respond meaningfully to both the financial crisis and the political crisis that followed it.
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