Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) incorporates environmental aspects into decision-making, but sometimes it is not effective in rejecting projects with dubious justification, significant impacts ...and little social utility, especially when they have political support. EIA is expected to achieve sustainable development, but without calling development into question; however, it should be able to ask the question of whether development is really necessary. Although EIA is political, as a part of the decision-making process, politicization must be limited to prevent it from becoming a mere instrument for giving an “environmental veneer” to development. Some measures thar can help avoid unjustified projects are: adopting administrative justice approach to EIA; minimising politicization of EIA agencies; improving transparency in decision-making and proportionality of EIA procedures; carrying out pre-feasibility studies; increasing the scope of SEA; allowing more than one SEA or EIA procedure for the same development throughout the planning process; strengthening the justification of the project in EIA documents; or making the scoping phase mandatory at least for major projects.
•EIA sometimes is not effective in rejecting projects of dubious justification.•Politicization of EIA agencies should be minimised.•Pre-feasibility studies and scoping may help detect unjustified projects.•Project justification should be included or reinforced in EIA documents.•SEA scope should be increased, and more than one SEA/EIA process allowed.
Using the pollution information transparency index (PITI) as a measure of environmental information disclosure by the local governments in China, we find that the higher the pollution information ...transparency, the more likely green innovations are to occur. Channel tests show that environmental information disclosure by the local governments promotes corporate green innovations through political pressure channel and law enforcement channel. Moreover, the environmental information disclosure has long-term effects on corporate green innovations, and the relationship between environmental information disclosure and corporate green innovations is more pronounced with firms owned by local governments and private firms than central government-owned firms. We also show that firms with fewer agency problems are inclined to have more green innovations.
This study examines the effect of short selling constraints on politically motivated suppression of negative information. We use a unique setting in China, in which there are multiple exogenous ...changes in short selling constraints and firms have strong incentives to suppress negative information during politically sensitive periods. Results from Difference-in-Differences analyses and a regression discontinuity design show that removing short selling constraints can reduce politically motivated bad news suppression. Short selling can reduce negative information suppression through the channels of improved financial reporting quality, more voluntary disclosure from management, and more timely release of information by media. In addition, the effect of short selling on reducing bad news hoarding is more pronounced for more politically sensitive meetings and for state-owned firms located in regions with weaker market and institutional development.
•Removing short selling constraints can reduce politically motivated negative information suppression in China.•The reduction can be through the channels of improved reporting quality, and more voluntary disclosure from management.•The reduction in negative information suppression can also be through the channel of more timely release of information.•The reduction is more pronounced for more politically sensitive events and for stateowned firms located in certain regions.
The article analyses the impact of foreign broadcasts in Portugal during the Second World War as well as the communication strategies adopted by both German and British transmissions in the ...Portuguese language. After demonstrating that the broadcasts from the Axis powers were mainly composed of blatant propaganda, particular attention is given to the BBC. The British station, which was the most effective in reaching the Portuguese public, promoted itself as a credible source that offered reliable and unbiased news despite the fact that, as the article demonstrates, it trimmed its output to meet considerations imposed by the Foreign Office.
Como parte de la solución al problema de las drogas, el Acuerdo de Paz entre el gobierno colombiano y la guerrilla de las Farc contempló la creación de una política para la sustitución de cultivos de ...uso ilícito en su punto 4. En este artículo hacemos un rastreo detallado del proceso de toma de decisiones y los debates políticos que condujeron al diseño de esta política. Argumentamos que el contenido del punto 4 del acuerdo fue contradictorio porque pretendió hacer compatibles dos estrategias distintas para afrontar el problema: construcción de Estado y transformación de territorios cocaleros, y “guerra contra las drogas”. Más tarde, con el incremento de las presiones políticas internas y externas por el aumento de cultivos ilícitos, el gobierno y las Farc redefinieron la política. Con el afán de mostrar resultados en la reducción del área sembrada con coca, optaron por dejar de lado la apuesta de largo aliento de la transformación territorial y privilegiar la inmediatez en la disminución de cultivos ilícitos. Así, la política se tornó insostenible.
This paper investigates whether external political pressure for faster Renminbi appreciation affects both the daily returns and the conditional volatility of the Renminbi central parity rate. We ...construct several political pressure indicators pertaining to the Renminbi exchange rate, with a special emphasis on the US pressure, to test the hypothesis. After controlling for Chinese macroeconomic surprise news, we find that US and non-US political pressure does not have a significant influence on Renminbi's daily returns. However, evidence suggests that political pressures, and especially those from the US, have statistically significant impacts on the conditional volatility of the Renminbi. Furthermore, we conduct the same exercise on the 12-month Renminbi non-deliverable forward rate. We find that the non-deliverable forward market is highly responsive to macroeconomic surprise news and there is some evidence that Sino-US bilateral meetings affect the conditional volatility of the Renminbi non-deliverable forward rate.
This article compares cross‐national aging populations in Latin America to study the relationship between this population, regime type, and types of social expenditure. Much of the previous research ...addressed this relationship in industrialized countries, but those countries are predominantly democratic and have less variation in age demographics. I demonstrate that the effect of the aged population varies by regime type and type of expenditure. In general, democratic regimes with larger elderly populations spend more on social security and welfare. By and large, education policy is unaffected by the size of the elderly population regardless of regime type. These results suggest that the elderly population is most concerned with social security, which makes sense because these government expenditures directly affect them.
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Cho, Sungik, and Yool Choi. 2017. “Convergent or Divergent? The Hidden Dynamics of Institutional Changes in the Labor Markets and Social Welfare Systems in South Korea and Japan.” Politics & Policy 45 (4): 594‐625. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12208
Maags, Christina. 2020. “Long‐Term Care Insurance Adoption in East Asia: Politics, Ideas, and Institutions.” Politics & Policy 48 (1): 69‐106. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12339
Scarlato, Margherita, and Giorgio d'Agostino. 2019. “The Political Dimension of Cash Transfers in Latin America and Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Comparative Perspective.” Politics & Policy 47 (6): 1125‐1155. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12332
La población envejecida y el gasto social en América Latina: comparación de la teoría funcionalista demográfica y el argumento de las presiones políticas
Este artículo compara las poblaciones que envejecen a nivel nacional en América Latina con el fin de estudiar la relación entre esta población, el tipo de régimen y los tipos de gasto social. Gran parte de la investigación anterior abordó esta relación en los países industrializados, pero esos países son predominantemente democráticos y tienen menos variación en la demografía por edad. En este artículo, demuestro que el efecto de la población envejecida varía según el tipo de régimen y el tipo de gasto. En general, los regímenes democráticos con mayores poblaciones de ancianos gastan más en seguridad social y bienestar. En general, la política educativa no se ve afectada por el tamaño de la población anciana, independientemente del tipo de régimen. Estos resultados sugieren que la población anciana está más preocupada por la seguridad social, lo cual tiene sentido porque estos gastos gubernamentales los afectan directamente.
拉美地区老龄人口和社会开支：比较人口功能主义理论和政治压力论断
本文比较了拉美地区跨国家老龄化人口，以研究人口、政权类型和社会开支类型之间的关系。许多以往研究在工业化国家背景下分析了该关系，但这些国家基本都是民主制，且在年龄人口统计上差异较小。我在本文中证明，老龄人口产生的效果因政权类型和开支类型的不同而存在差异。整体上，老龄人口数量更多的民主政权会在社会保障和福利方面投入更多开支。一般而言，教育政策不受老龄人口数量的影响，且与政权类型无关。这些研究结果暗示，老龄人口最关心社会保障金，这是合理的，因为这方面的政府开支对其产生直接影响。
The Unquiet Frontier Grygiel, Jakub J; Mitchell, A. Wess
2017, 2016., 20170815, 2016, 2017-08-15
eBook
From the Baltic to the South China Sea, newly assertive authoritarian states sense an opportunity to resurrect old empires or build new ones at America's expense. Hoping that U.S. decline is real, ...nations such as Russia, Iran, and China are testing Washington's resolve by targeting vulnerable allies at the frontiers of American power.The Unquiet Frontierexplains why the United States needs a new grand strategy that uses strong frontier alliance networks to raise the costs of military aggression in the new century.
Jakub Grygiel and Wess Mitchell describe the aggressive methods rival nations are using to test U.S. power in strategically critical regions throughout the world. They show how rising and revisionist powers are putting pressure on our frontier allies-countries like Poland, Israel, and Taiwan-to gauge our leaders' commitment to upholding the U.S.-led global order. To cope with these dangerous dynamics, nervous U.S. allies are diversifying their national-security "menu cards" by beefing up their militaries or even aligning with their aggressors. Grygiel and Mitchell reveal how numerous would-be great powers use an arsenal of asymmetric techniques to probe and sift American strength across several regions simultaneously, and how rivals and allies alike are learning from America's management of increasingly interlinked global crises to hone effective strategies of their own.
The Unquiet Frontierdemonstrates why the United States must strengthen the international order that has provided greater benefits to the world than any in history.
This text presents the first report of the research done by the erp research team (Estudio Rutinas Periodísticas), integrated by academicians from Chile, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina and México, ...oriented to identify the conditions that affect the informative labor of Latin American journalists. The document allows getting to know the relation between journalists and political power and the restrictions that this sector has in the access to and the broadcasting of information. Furthermore, the research deepens on the influence of audiences in the construction of social reality that also configures as a condition to information work. In this way, and in the voice of journalists themselves, often observed as intermediators between the politic and the public agenda, the complex labor reality of journalists is exposed. The exposition and comparison between the obtained results allows to determine general tendencies applicable to Latin America as a whole and also to specific realities in each country, and to propose the general changes needed to secure that the profession will be able to fulfill effectively its social role.
A comunicação apresenta o primeiro informe da pesquisa realizada pelo grupo de estudos erp Estudo de Rotinas Jornalísticas (Estudio Rutinas Periodísticas), composto por académicos do Chile, Equador, Colômbia, Argentina, e México, orientado a identificar as limitações que afetam o trabalho informativo dos jornalistas latino-americanos. O documento permite conhecer a relação entre os jornalistas e o poder político, e as restrições que este setor tem no acesso e difusão da informação. Igualmente, aprofunda na influência da audiência na reconstrução da realidade social, que também se configura como um efeito condicionante. Desta forma, e na voz de seus próprios protagonistas, se expõe a complexa realidade laboral dos jornalistas, observados tradicionalmente como agentes mediadores entre a agenda política e a agenda pública. A exposição dos resultados obtidos permite determinar tendências gerais aplicáveis ao conjunto de Latino-América e também realidades específicas de cada país e, a partir dali, apresentar mudanças necessárias para assegurar que a profissão cumpra efetivamente seu rol social.
La comunicación presenta el primer informe de la investigación realizada por el grupo de estudios erp (Estudio Rutinas Periodísticas), compuesto por académicos de Chile, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina y México, orientado a identificar las limitaciones que afectan la labor informativa de los periodistas latinoamericanos. El documento permite conocer la relación entre los periodistas y el poder político, y las restricciones que este sector tiene en el acceso y difusión de la información. Asimismo, ahonda en la influencia de la audiencia en la reconstrucción de la realidad social, que también se configura como un efecto condicionante. De esta forma, y en la voz de sus propios protagonistas, se expone la compleja realidad laboral de los periodistas, observados tradicionalmente como agentes mediadores entre la agenda política y la agenda pública. La exposición de los resultados obtenidos permite determinar tendencias generales aplicables al conjunto de Latinoamérica y también realidades específicas de cada país y, a partir de allí, plantear cambios necesarios para asegurar que la profesión cumpla efectivamente su rol social.
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