Are your collections up for grabs? Does the spouse of one of your trustees have too much to say about developing the exhibition schedule? How much is too much public participation? Where does a ...curator’s authority begin and end? With money increasingly difficult to raise, is a museum more likely to accede to potential funders’ demands even when those demands might compromise the museum’s integrity? When a museum is struggling with debilitating debt, should the sale of selected items from its collections and the use of the resulting proceeds bring the museum into a more stable financial position? When a museum attempts to build its attendance and attract local visitors by crowdsourcing exhibitions, is it undermining its integrity? Ethical questions about museum activities are legion, yet they are usually only discussed when they become headlines in newspapers. Museum staff respond to such problems under pressure, often unable to take the time required to think through the sensitive and complex issues involved.
The role of science in policymaking has gained unprecedented stature in the United States, raising questions about the place of science and scientific expertise in the democratic process. Some ...scientists have been given considerable epistemic authority in shaping policy on issues of great moral and cultural significance, and the politicizing of these issues has become highly contentious.
Since World War II, most philosophers of science have purported the concept that science should be "value-free." InScience, Policy and the Value-Free Ideal,Heather E. Douglas argues that such an ideal is neither adequate nor desirable for science. She contends that the moral responsibilities of scientists require the consideration of values even at the heart of science. She lobbies for a new ideal in which values serve an essential function throughout scientific inquiry, but where the role values play is constrained at key points, thus protecting the integrity and objectivity of science. In this vein, Douglas outlines a system for the application of values to guide scientists through points of uncertainty fraught with moral valence.
Following a philosophical analysis of the historical background of science advising and the value-free ideal, Douglas defines how values should-and should not-function in science. She discusses the distinctive direct and indirect roles for values in reasoning, and outlines seven senses of objectivity, showing how each can be employed to determine the reliability of scientific claims. Douglas then uses these philosophical insights to clarify the distinction between junk science and sound science to be used in policymaking. In conclusion, she calls for greater openness on the values utilized in policymaking, and more public participation in the policymaking process, by suggesting various models for effective use of both the public and experts in key risk assessments.
This book investigates the issues raised by the vast array of accounting standards and technical rules which have marked the recent history of accounting. It is argued that the accounting profession ...is beset by an inferior and incomplete notion of quality in its work which emphasises compliance with processing rules, rather than the correspondence with commercial phenomena necessary to make financial statements reliable guides for human activity.
1. Matters in Conflict: Professionalism, Accounting Rules and the Function of Accounting 2. Professions: Their Nature, Roles and Responsibilities 3. Accounting as a Profession: The Extent and Origins of Occupational Authority 4. The Nature of Accounting Rules 5. Explaining the Proliferation of Accounting Rules 6. Professionalism, Accounting Rules and Accounting Discourse 7. Professionalism, Accounting Rules and Accounting Education 8. Professionalism, Accounting Rules and Accounting Practice 9. Advancing Professional Accounting Knowledge
Brian P. West is a senior lecturer in Acccounting at the University of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. Prior to commencing his academic career he worked in the audit division of an international accounting firm. Dr. West is the author of several articles published in professional and academic journals.
A faculty member publishes an article without offering coauthorship to a graduate assistant who has made a substantial conceptual or methodological contribution to the article. A professor does not ...permit graduate students to express viewpoints different from her own. A graduate student close to finishing his dissertation cannot reach his traveling advisor, a circumstance that jeopardizes his degree. This book discusses these and other examples of faculty misconduct--and how to avoid them. Using data collected through faculty surveys, the authors describe behaviors associated with graduate teaching which are considered inappropriate and in violation of good teaching practices. They derive a normative structure that consists of five inviolable and eight admonitory proscriptive criteria to help graduate faculty make informed and acceptable professional choices. The authors discuss the various ways in which faculty members acquire the norms of teaching and mentoring, including the graduate school socialization process, role models, disciplinary codes of ethics, and scholarship about the professoriate and professional performance. Analyzing the rich data gleaned from the faculty surveys, they track how these norms are understood and interpreted across academic disciplines and are influenced by such factors as gender, citizenship, age, academic rank, tenure, research activity, and administrative experience.
False data published by a psychologist influence policies for
treating the mentally retarded. A Nobel Prize-winning molecular
biologist resigns the presidency of Rockefeller University in the
wake of ...a scandal involving a co-author accused of fabricating
data. A university investigating committee declares that almost
half the published articles of a promising young radiologist are
fraudulent. Incidents like these strike at the heart of the
scientific enterprise and shake the confidence of a society
accustomed to thinking of scientists as selfless seekers of truth.
Marcel LaFollette's long-awaited book gives a penetrating
examination of the world of scientific publishing in which such
incidents of misconduct take place. Because influential scientific
journals have been involved in the controversies, LaFollette
focuses on the fragile "peer review" process-the editorial system
of seeking pre-publication opinions from experts. She addresses the
cultural glorification of science, which, combined with a
scientist's thirst for achievement, can seem to make cheating worth
the danger. She describes the great risks taken by the
accusers-often scholars of less prestige and power than the
accused-whom she calls "nemesis figures" for their relentless
dedication to uncovering dishonesty. In sober warning, LaFollette
notes that impatient calls from Congress, journalists, and
taxpayers for greater accountability from scientists have important
implications for the entire system of scientific research and
communication. Provocative and learned, Stealing Into
Print is certain to become the authoritative work on
scientific fraud, invaluable to the scientific community, policy
makers, and the general public.
This paper presents human factors related to professional ethics in the judicial system of Iran. This descriptive-survey based research has practical purpose and mix(qualitative-quantitative) based ...on Grounded Theory, seeking identification and modeling of human factors related to the professional ethics of the judicial system The statistical population used in this paper are the judiciaries in five provinces in the west of Iran. Sampling method in the qualitative section was done theoretically through the snowball method, and quantitative section as scaled random with appropriate allocation of volume based on the structural equations rule, with participation 847 justices and administrative experts. irst step, components related to human factors in qualitative method of coding and interpretive method than the first model designed. In order to test the model, Data using statistical tests such as the Pearson correlation coefficient, regression, factor analysis and exploratory model was fitted through structural equation method to variables.
The evolution of the general anti-avoidance rule and related case law along with public scrutiny of advisory firms' behaviour as it relates to tax-planning advice has once again piqued interest in ...the scope of ethics in tax planning and its appropriate regulation. The scope of a code of ethics would include issues such as the need to uphold the integrity of the system (reminiscent of Gammie's article, although primarily from the perspective of private practice), responsibility for factual accuracy, appropriateness of advice, confidentiality, conflict of interest, competency, duty to provide ethical training to apprentices, and duty to maintain the ethics of colleagues. ...Wensley explicitly addresses practitioners and others who may doubt that the result would be worth the effort.
This open access textbook offers a practical guide into research ethics for undergraduate students in the social sciences. A step-by-step approach of the most viable issues, in-depth discussions of ...case histories and a variety of didactical tools will aid the student to grasp the issues at hand and help him or her develop strategies to deal with them. This book addresses problems and questions that any bachelor student in the social sciences should be aware of, including plagiarism, data fabrication and other types of fraud, data augmentation, various forms of research bias, but also peer pressure, issues with confidentiality and questions regarding conflicts of interest. Cheating, ‘free riding’, and broader issues that relate to the place of the social sciences in society are also included. The book concludes with a step-by-step approach designed to coach a student through a research application process.
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