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•The remaining energy prediction based on the μC/OS-II RTOS is proposed.•The first-order RC equivalent circuit model is employed for SoE estimation.•The Bayesian learning technique is ...used for SoE estimation.•The real road test in Wuhui city, China is performed to verify the proposed method.
Modern electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) require a reliable battery management system (BMS). The remaining energy and the state-of-energy (SoE) are very important indexes for the embedded BMS used in both EV and HEV applications. As a case study in the embedded BMS, this paper presents the implementation of remaining energy prediction based on the μC/OS-II real time operating system (RTOS). In considering that there are accumulated errors caused by inevitable drift noise of the current or voltage sensors, a model based SoE estimator is developed based on a first-order RC equivalent circuit model. Moreover, the Bayesian learning technique is used for SoE estimation to get accurate and robustness estimation results. Lastly, two different kinds of batteries are carried out under laboratory experiments and real road test to verify the robustness of the proposed SoE estimation approach. The results indicate that the maximum absolute estimation error (MAEE) and the root-mean square error (RMSE) are within 2% and 1% for both LiFePO4 and Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 batteries.
•The implementation of robot framework and RPC module enhances the scalability and stability of the system.•The communication port based on network technology provides low latency and stable network ...communication.•It is successfully deployed on dual-kernel real-time operating system and tested and evaluated.
The software system of remote handling control system (RHCS) for the comprehensive research facility for fusion technology (CRAFT) consists of multiple subsystems and various device controllers running on different hosts or servers. A high-performance CRAFT remote handling (RH) middleware (CRMW) is designed to address the high real-time requirements for task response and data transmission in this distributed scenario, as well as the scalability of the RHCS. CRMW adopts a low-coupling, high-cohesion, and component-based architectural design, comprising a component-based software development framework and a real-time communication port. The robot framework allows encapsulating devices or functional modules in the RHCS as reusable components, while the communication port provides low-latency and stable communication quality. It supports various communication modes such as publish/subscribe, server/client, and multiple transmission protocols, while also offering distributed components like remote procedure call (RPC). Corresponding experimental results demonstrate that CRMW can deliver low-latency and stable task response and data transmission, fully meeting the requirements for task execution and system management in the RHCS.
•The role of RTOs in open and networked innovation systems cannot be considered the same as the role of universities.•Firms that see RTOs as more important sources of knowledge than universities have ...different innovation characteristics.•Firms that see RTOs as more important knowledge sources than universities are more likely to innovate in services and invest less in internal R&D.•Firms that see RTOs as more important knowledge sources than universities are less likely to introduce new to the market or world first innovations.•Policy makers should acknowledge the difference and possible complementarities between RTOs and universities.
Research and Technology Organizations (RTOs) and universities are important elements of countries’ innovation systems. As they are both halfway between science and industry, they are often considered to be the same thing. However, recent studies have stressed the differences between the two. In this paper, we analyze the innovative characteristics (impacts and types of innovation and internal R&D investments) of firms that collaborate with RTOs versus universities. Our study is based on statistical analysis of Community Innovation Survey micro-data (CIS 2012). Our results suggest that firms that see RTOs as more important sources of knowledge than universities have a higher probability of developing service innovation, invest less in internal R&D but are less likely to introduce new, groundbreaking innovations into the market. These results have significant policy and management implications, especially regarding the different but complementary contributions offered respectively by RTOs and universities.
Data Acquisition System using a CIAA-Safety Juan Pablo Rumie Vittar; Dario Walter. Diaz; Gustavo Miguel Rodriguez ...
Revista elektrón,
12/2022, Volume:
6, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
This paper presents the analysis, design, development and implementation of a data acquisition system from various sensors, to be installed and used in different FAA Air Vehicles, through an ARM® ...Cortex®-R4F CPU microcontroller that meets critical safety standards, such as IEC 61508 , ISO 26262 and DO-178 (at the Software level). The sensors are: a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), an IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) and atmospheric pressure and temperature sensors. The ARM microcontroller was mounted on a development board called CIAA-Safety and its programming was carried out under the BAREMETAL format, that is, without a Real Time Operating System.
•Real-time operating system is an effective tool for real-time simulation.•Digital communication interface is a cost-effective and flexible solution in a co-simulation system.•Refined wind energy ...model can study the aeroelastic-electromechanical coupling.•Mechanical vibration with the grid fault is affected by different power system strength.
This paper proposes a cost-effective digital real-time co-simulation platform that covers all the main dynamics of Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS). The proposed platform is based on Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) and OpenFAST developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), which considers the coupling of aerodynamic, mechanical, and electromagnetic models in WECS. The detailed electromagnetic model is implemented in RTDS. Meanwhile, the detailed aerodynamic and mechanical models are implemented in OpenFAST. To guarantee the strict real-time characteristic of the proposed platform, OpenFAST is modified and implemented in the real-time operating system based on Xenomai. The digital communication interface between RTDS and OpenFAST is implemented by Real-Time Networking (RTnet), which is more cost-competitive compared with the conventional analogue communication interface. Finally, the accuracy of the platform is verified by real-time simulations.
Modern embedded software development uses model-based methods to support long-term maintenance, portability, and correctness. A growing trend is to use formal methods to create software models and ...verify their correctness against requirement specifications. However, modeling and verifying low-level Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) or Basic Software (BSW) code sequences remains a major challenge, as it requires correctness against the internal hardware behavior and timing. To ensure this correctness, we need formal models of the complex hardware architecture, and due to the increased model complexity, the verification can lead to a state space explosion.
In this paper, we mitigate these challenges by using an existing static Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) analysis tool, OTAWA, for microarchitecture analysis. We use the intermediate results of the WCET analysis as input to our process, which verifies the correctness of the low-level implementations against the runtime effects of the hardware (e.g., synchronization dependencies, memory race conditions) and analyzes the timing and performance of the low-level code with respect to the data hazards in the pipeline. After successful verification, the results can be used in a formal method environment to model and verify the low-level code for correctness against the timing and requirement specifications. We demonstrate the proposed framework by analyzing and verifying the low-level context switch sequence of a classic AUTOSAR-based RTOS and the kernel startup sequence of FreeRTOS for correctness against hardware effects in the AURIX TriCore architecture. In addition, we show an empirical evaluation of our framework to examine the scalability, performance, and state space.
Embedded system is one of the major focus areas in Electronics and Communication Engineering supported by relevant courses and projects at multiple levels. Students are well exposed in the embedded ...system verticals with industry supported labs, courses as well as industry guided projects for designing real time embedded systems. As embedded systems became bigger, intelligent and complex, millions of lines of code are to be optimized to meet system deadlines, fit into the available memory, and meet power requirements to achieve the desired functionality. Developing such embedded system, to meet multiple design constraints is a considerable challenge. In order to meet this challenge code optimization techniques at multiple levels are introduced in curriculum focusing on machine dependent and independent optimizations. Architecture specific machine dependent optimization techniques are addressed at basic courses like 8051 Microcontrollers and ARM processors, while machine dependent and independent optimization techniques are addressed at advanced courses like Real Time Embedded System and Course Projects which provides integrated experience. The courses are co-designed and delivered by both industry experts and in-house faculty. This exposure enables our students to be prepared for industry requirements and challenges, and has resulted in increased placements in embedded industries.
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