Conflict Resolution Actors, Dynamics and Cases deals with multiple concepts and themes of the broad subject area of conflict resolution, seeking to highlight empirical studies that examine several ...topics from conflict prevention to peacebuilding, including conflict management, institution building, the role of formal and informal actors, the features of conflicts in different political contexts and the methods and strategies used for resolution or transformation (mediation, non-violence, reconciliation, transitional justice, second track diplomacy, peace education, post-conflict reconstruction, among others) in intra- and inter-state conflicts. The book is open to several methodological approaches, focusing on empirical studies that address several cases, including studies on Cyprus, the South Caucasus region, DR Congo, the Middle East region, Tunisia and Iraq, as well as on the role of regional organizations such as the European Union in peace-making and peacebuilding. Conceived this way, this edited volume on conflict resolution complements existing books on the theme, seeking not only to apply conflict resolutions theoretical frameworks and concepts to contemporary case studies but also to contribute, based on these empirical studies, to advance the academic debate towards critical perspectives that guide the conflict resolution field to more pluralist, emancipatory and transformative approaches.
From one perspective, evidences in proving the claim in law are divided in two groups: persuasive and imposed evidences. Persuasive evidence is the evidence that judge has complete authority in ...accepting its contents. It affects in proving of claim only if the judge has convinced to its contents and has believed to its purport. Imposed evidence is effective in proving of claims apart from the judgeâs belief that is, the judge is bound to verdict on the basis of it, even if he has not been satisfied the imposed evidence. The concept of being imposed of evidences is related to judgeâs belief and persuasion and the belief is one of the elements of realization of knowledge, which its formative foundations and quality of its establishment is studied in the philosophical issues such as theory of knowledge or epistemology. This paper criticizes the nature and concept of imposed evidence by using epistemological basics concerning the basis of belief, and acknowledges that this concept cannot be accepted and affirmed according to principle of symmetry in epistemology.
Welche Rolle spielen internationale (Schieds-)Gerichte bei der Bewältigung bewaffneter Konflikte? Diese Frage steht im Mittelpunkt des nachfolgenden Beitrags. Dieser zeichnet nach, dass ...(Schieds-)Gerichte heutzutage zwar Entscheidungen im Stundentakt fällen. Anders als von der frühen Schiedsgerichts-Bewegung erwartet, haben sie aber bis vor kurzem nur ganz selten über Fragen von Krieg und Frieden geurteilt - und dies schon deshalb, weil ihre Zuständigkeit zumeist auf Nebenaspekte bewaffneter Konflikte begrenzt war. Diese allgemeine Entwicklung zeichnet der erste Teil des Beitrags nach. Der zweite Teil stellt die aktuelle Situation dar. Er zeigt auf, welche Aspekte bewaffneter Konflikte vor internationale (Schieds-)Gerichte gebracht werden und welche Herausforderungen derartige ‚Konflikt-Prozesse‘ mit sich bringen.
What has been the role of international courts and tribunals (ICaTs) in relation to violent conflict? This is the question at the heart of the present contribution. It demonstrates that, over time, ICaTs have come to render decision upon decision, but - contrary to the expectations of early arbitration movements - hardly ever prevent wars between nations. Their mandates have been expanded, but typically only cover aspects of violent conflicts. Having surveyed this general development, the contribution sketches out the evolving legal framework governing courts and conflicts. It discusses which aspects of violent conflicts are addressed by ICaTs under contemporary international law and highlights current challenges of ‘conflict litigation’.
The article examines the impact of the training programmes of mediation in special educational institution (SUVA) and educational institutions (ei) on the psychological climate in the team. The ...research is based on data obtained from 154 people, employees of educational institutions. Of them, 37 persons – employees of SUVA, and 117 bangs – employees OU.
There were three methods of psychological diagnostics - Methods of assessment of psychological atmosphere in the team at A. F. Fielder, index Sikora and assessment of communicative skills.
When comparing the performance of tests to conduct training programs on the basics of mediation and after its passage determined that among the staff of the SUVA (in analysis Wilcoxon test, p = 0,0027) and staff of the OU (in the test analysis Wilcoxon p <0.0001) is statistically significant increase in the level of group cohesion, defined in test Sisera.
Obtained data on scales methods for the assessment of psychological atmosphere in the team at A. F. Fielder. According to the results of this study are the employees of SUVA has not been a statistically significant change in rates of bipolar scales that measure different quality characteristics of the atmosphere in the team. At that time, as the employees OU for all the ten scales produced statistically significant differences, indicating improvement.
In the test of evaluation of communicative skills not observed statistically significant differences neither in the group of the SUVA (in analysis Wilcoxon test, p=0,079) or in the Oh group (in analysis Wilcoxon test, p=0.95) of employees.
The results of the study indicate that learning the basics of mediation contributes to the improvement of several characteristics of the psychological climate within the collectives, SUVA and OU. At the same time, there are fundamental differences between the groups of those agencies that require additional testing.
В статье исследуется влияние программ обучения медиации в специальных учебно-воспитательных учреждениях (СУВУ) и общеобразовательных учреждениях (ОУ) на психологический климат в коллективах сотрудников. Материалом исследования послужили данные, полученные от 154 человек, сотрудников образовательных учреждений. Из них,37 человек – сотрудники СУВУ, а 117 челок – сотрудники ОУ.
Применялись три метода психологической диагностики: Методика оценки психологической атмосферы в коллективе по А.Ф.Филдеру, индекс Сишора и оценка коммуникативных умений.
При сопоставлении показателей тестов до проведения обучающих программ по основам медиации и после ее прохождения определено, что среди сотрудников СУВУ (в тесте Уилкоксона р = 0,0027) и сотрудников ОУ (в тесте Уилкоксона р <0,0001) происходит статистически достоверный рост уровня групповой сплоченности, определяемый в тесте Сишора.
Получены странные данные по шкалам Методики оценки психологической атмосферы в коллективе по А.Ф.Филдеру. Согласно результатам этого исследования, у сотрудников СУВУ не произошло статистически достоверных изменений в показателях биполярных шкал, оценивающих разные качественные характеристики атмосферы в коллективе. В то время, как у работников ОУ по всем десяти шкалам получены статистически достоверные различия, свидетельствующие об улучшении показателей.
В тесте оценки коммуникативных умений не отмечалось статистически достоверных различий у сотрудников ни в группе СУВУ (в тесте Уилкоксона p=0,079), ни в группе ОУ (в тесте Уилкоксона p=0,95).
Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о том, что обучение основам медиации способствует улучшению ряда характеристик психологического климата в коллективах СУВУ и ОУ. В то же время между коллективами этих учреждений имеются кардинальные отличия, которые требуют проведения дополнительных исследований.
В заключение делается вывод о том, что выявленные детерминанты искажения сотрудниками органов внутренних дел служебной информации могут быть полезными при разработке мероприятий по его профилактике в интересах повышения уровня достоверности информации для принятия взвешенных управленческих решений, направленных на эффективность деятельности органов внутренних дел.
Enshrined in the 1970 Declaration, under the name of the principle of peaceful settlement of international disputes, the principle obliges states to settle their disputes by peaceful means, so that ...peace, international security and justice are not endangered. States must act in good faith and in a spirit of cooperation to reach a swift and just solution based on international law. For this purpose, states can resort to means such as: negotiation, investigation, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement or other peaceful means of their choice, including any settlement procedure agreed upon, prior to the occurrence of a dispute to which they are parties.
The settlement of justice has been seen in recent decades as a powerful tool of governance in the Early Middle Ages. This paper aims to study justice in the county of Castile between the tenth and ...eleventh centuries in order to observe different strategies of authority and consensus. These strategies acted in different political contexts and on different scales, and this paper focuses on the role played by counts, ecclesiastical aristocracies and rural societies in the construction of a political system at a time of continuous negotiation.
Abbreviations: Albelda refers to Antonio Ubieto Arteta, Cartulario de Albelda (siglos X-XII) (Valencia: Anúbar, 1960); Andreva = Fernando García Andreva, El Becerro Galicano de San Millán de la Cogolla. Edición y estudio (Logroño: Instituto Orígenes del Español, 2010); Arlanza = Luis Serrano, Cartulario de San Pedro de Arlanza (Madrid: Ibañez de Aldecoa, 1925); Cardeña = Gonzalo Martínez Díez, Colección documental del monasterio de San Pedro de Cardeña (Burgos: Caja de Ahorros y Monte de Piedad del Círculo católico de obreros de Burgos, 1998); CC = Manuel Zabalza Duque, Colección diplomática de los condes de Castilla: edición y comentario de los documentos de los condes Fernán González, García Fernández, Sancho García y García Sánchez (Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León, 1998); Covarrubias = Luciano Serrano, Cartulario del Infantado de Covarrubias (Silos: Real Monasterio, 1907); Oña = Juan del Álamo, Colección Diplomática de San Salvador de Oña (822-1284) (Madrid: CSIC, 1950); Puerto = Manuel Serrano y Sanz, "El cartulario de la iglesia de Santa María del Puerto (Santoña)", Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia 73 (1918); SJP = Antonio Ubieto Arteta, Cartulario de San Juan de la Peña (Valencia: Anúbar 1962-1963); SMC = Antonio Ubieto Arteta, Cartulario de San Millán de la Cogolla (759-1076) (Valencia: Anúbar, 1976); Valpuesta = José María Ruiz Asencio, Irene Ruiz Albi and Mauricio Herrero Jiménez, Los becerros gótico y galicano de Valpuesta (Madrid: Real Academia Española - Instituto Castellano y Leonés de la Lengua, 2010).
Negara-negara ASEAN tengah mencanangkan untuk melaksanakan integrasi ekonomi, tak hanya intra-regional namun juga integrasi regional terhadap iklim ekonomi global. Namun demikian, negara-negara ASEAN ...sampai saat ini masih menghadapi sengketa internasional mengenai Laut Tiongkok Selatan. Sengketa antara negara-negara ASEAN dan Tiongkok tersebut dianggap sebagai sengketa yang paling rumit pada abad ke-21. Terlebih lagi, Tiongkok cenderung untuk menghindari hukum internasional dalam isu tersebut. Tulisan ini akan menganalisis bagaimana Sengketa Laut Tiongkok Selatan yang sulit diselesaikan dengan hukum internasional dapat menghambat integrasi ASEAN ke iklim ekonomi global. Dalam hal ini, peran serta ASEAN dalam menyelesaikan masalah sengketa internasional harus diberikan porsi yang sama besarnya dengan upaya integrasi ekonomi. Untuk itu, artikel ini juga akan berusaha mencari model penyelesaian sengketa internasional yang dapat dilakukan ASEAN untuk meredam konflik dan mendorong kesuksesan integrasi ekonomi ASEAN ke iklim ekonomi global. Abstract ASEAN is planning to implement an economic integration, not only intra-regional economic integration but also integration to the global economic. Nevertheless, ASEAN countries up until now are still facing international disputes concerning the South China Sea. The dispute between ASEAN countries and China is regarded as the most complex dispute in the 21st Century. Moreover, China tends to avoid international law in the issue. This paper will analyze how the complicated South China Sea international dispute may impede ASEAN integration to the global economic. In this regard, the role of ASEAN in resolving the international dispute should be given the same portion as economic integration efforts. To that end, this article will also seek international dispute resolution model that can be used by ASEAN to reduce conflict and enhance the success of ASEAN's economic integration to the global economic.
The article deals with direct(diplomatic) negotiations which are for many Reasons widely considered, not only as a basic, but also as the most Important way for the peaceful settlement of ...international disputes. After a brief introduction, the author first deals with some phenomena that are similar to negotiations, but are still different from them. He differs preventive measures that should contribute and assure that the dispute will not occur at all. Within them, he isolates preventive steps-notifications, prior consent and consultation. on the other hand, he introduces anew term- 'clarification of the situation', implying the steps taken when undesirable situations have already occurred, but yet are not a dispute, but which can easily grow into a serious problem. The second main part of the paper strictly deals with direct negotiations. The author diligently deals with issues such as; the concept of direct negotiations, their types, stages, ending(the result), strength and weaknesses, etc.
The book offers a systematic analysis of the interaction between international investment law, investment arbitration, and human rights, such as the role of national and international courts, ...investor-state arbitral tribunals and alternative jurisdictions, the risks of legal and jurisdictional fragmentation, the human rights dimensions of investment law and arbitration, and the relationships of substantive and procedural ‘principles of justice’ to international investment law. Part I summarizes the main conclusions of the twenty-four book chapters and places them into the broader context of ‘principles of justice’, ‘global administrative law’, and of ‘multilevel constitutionalism’ that may be relevant for judicial ‘administration of justice’ in international economic law and investor-state arbitration. Part II includes contributions clarifying the ‘constitutional dimensions’ of transnational investment disputes and investor-state arbitration, as reflected in the increasing number of arbitral awards and amicus curiae submissions addressing human rights concerns. Part III addresses the need for ‘principle-oriented ordering’ and ‘normative congruence’ of diverse national, regional and worldwide legal regimes, focusing on the pertinent dispute settlement practices and legal interpretation methods of regional economic courts and human rights courts. Part IV includes twelve case studies on potential human rights dimensions of specific ‘protection standards’, applicable law, procedural law issues, and specific fundamental rights. These case-studies discuss not only the still limited examples of human rights discourse in investor-state arbitral awards; they also probe the potential legal relevance of investor-state arbitration for the judicial recognition, interpretation, and ‘balancing’ of ‘primary rules’ in the light of ‘principles of justice’, as defined by national and international law.
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