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•R. globosa extracts strongly enhance Cd and Pb accumulation capacity of S. nigrum.•B. pilosa stem extract significantly improves Cd/Pb accumulation capacity of S. nigrum.•Efficient ...plant-based soil additives display high total organic acid content and low pH.•Plant-based ligands promote soil bacteria growth and enzymatic activity.•Plant-based ligands can effectively replace EDTA in phytoremediation improvement.
The effects of soil treatment with aqueous extracts from three hyperaccumulators on Cd and Pb accumulation by Solanum nigrum L. were determined. The stem (S-RG) and leaf extracts (L-RG) of Rorippaglobosa (Turcz.) Thell., and stem extract (S-BP) of Bidens pilosa L. significantly enhanced Cd and Pb total accumulation capacity of S. nigrum compared to control (by 44 %, 47 %, and 29 % for Cd and by 28 %, 28 % and 21 % for Pb, respectively), while EDTA caused its 9 % and 15 % decrease due to the plant biomass reduction (by 33 %). The leaching experiments reflected affinity of additives to metal mobilization in soils. The concentrations of total organic acid in S-RG, L-RG and S-BP were the highest among studied extracts, which besides the beneficial effect on the soil environment (microbe number and enzyme activities), may be partial reasons of strong promotion of S. nigrum accumulation capacity for Cd and Pb. It was shown that hyperaccumulation properties of a plant are not a prerequisite of enhancing effect of the plant-based soil additive on the metal accumulation capacity of the target living hyperaccumultor. The plant-based chelators were found to be promising candidates for EDTA and other chemicals replacement in promoting efficient and environmentally safe phytoremediation.
Solanum nigrum
L. is a hyperaccumulator and shows very high phytoremediation potential for Cd-contaminated soil. Fertilizer addition to soil is an effective pathway to improve Cd hyperaccumulation. ...This article compared the strengthening roles of commonly used four nitrogen fertilizers with three organic fertilizers on
S. nigrum
hyperaccumulating Cd at the same total nitrogen level. The results showed that Cd concentrations in roots and shoots of
S. nigrum
were not affected by the addition of inorganic nitrogen like NH
4
HCO
3
, NH
4
Cl, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, and CH
4
N
2
O compared with the control without nitrogen addition. However, Cd concentrations in
S. nigrum
roots and shoots were significantly decreased (
p
< 0.05) when the organic nitrogen was added in the form of chicken manure, pig manure, and commercial organic fertilizer (by 15.6% and 15.1%, 30.1% and 23.6%, 20.3% and 16.8%, respectively). On the other hand, of all nitrogen treatments, the addition of (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
and CH
4
N
2
O to the soil enormously increased
S. nigrum
biomass, i.e.,
S. nigrum
shoot biomass increased 2.0- and 2.1-fold compared with the control. Correspondingly, Cd loads in
S. nigrum
shoots were also the highest in former two treatments and amounted to 79.91 μg pot
−1
and 80.17 μg pot
−1
, respectively. Compared with the control, the addition of three organic fertilizers significantly increased (
p
< 0.05) pH and decreased (
p
< 0.05) available Cd concentrations in the soil, which could be the main reasons for their negative effects on
S. nigrum
accumulating Cd. (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
and CH
4
N
2
O significantly increased
S. nigrum
biomasses and exerted no effects on the available soil Cd concentration, which made them more better fertilizers in practice. In general, the same fertilizer may show different effects on different hyperaccumulators. The selection of fertilizer should be decided in accordance with the specific conditions in the phytoremediation practice of contaminated soil.
The biosorption and bioaugmentation performances of Mucor circinelloides were investigated under different contact time, initial metal(loid) concentration and species. The microbe-plant interaction ...appeared synergistic with enhancing plant growth and alleviating oxidative damages induced by lead, cadmium and arsenic. The bioaugmentation with M. circinelloides led to significant immobilization on lead, cadmium and arsenic as indicated by the decreases of metal(loid) transfer and bioavailability in plant-microbe aqueous system. Lead, cadmium and arsenic were mainly allocated on cell wall and a few parts entered into intercellular system, suggesting cell wall adsorption and intracellular bioaccumulation served as the main mechanisms of M. circinelloides. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms on lead, cadmium and arsenic were fitted well with the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models, with the maximum adsorption capacities of 500, 15.4 and 29.4 mg·g−1 fungal biomass at pH 6.0 and 25 ℃. The optimum initial concentration and contact time were 300–10–20 mg·L−1 and 2 h. This study provides a basis for M. circinelloides as a promising adsorbent and bioaugmented agent for the cleanup of soil/aqueous environment contaminated with lead, cadmium and arsenic.
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•The adsorption best fitted with the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models.•Most Pb, Cd and As allocated on cell wall via microbial passivation.•Microbe-plant interaction alleviated oxidative damage of combined Pb, Cd and As.•M. circinelloides reduced the translocation and bioavailability of Pb, Cd and As.•Bioaugmentation-assisted strategy improved phytoremediation of S. nigrum L.
Key message
SnYSL3
encodes a plasma-localized transporter delivering various metal–nicotianamine complexes. The expression of
SnYSL3
is up-regulated by excess Cd, suggesting an important role for ...SnYSL3 in response to Cd stress.
The Yellow Stripe-Like (YSL) transporters have been proposed to participate in metal uptake and long-range transport in model plants. In this study, we isolated and characterized a novel member of the YSL gene family,
SnYSL3
, from the cadmium hyperaccumulator
Solanum nigrum
.
SnYSL3
was constitutively expressed and encodes a plasma membrane-localized protein. In situ RNA hybridization localized the SnYSL3 transcripts predominantly in vascular tissues and epidermal cells of the roots and stems, while in leaves, the mRNA levels were high in the vasculature. The
SnYSL3
expression level was up-regulated by excess Cd, excess Fe and Cu deficiency. Heterologous expression of
SnYSL3
in yeast revealed that SnYSL3 transports nicotianamine complexes containing Fe(II), Cu, Zn and Cd.
SnYSL3
overexpression in
Arabidopsis thaliana
decreased Fe and Mn concentrations in the roots and increased the root-to-shoot translocation ratios of Fe and Mn. Under Cd exposure, the transgenic plants showed increased translocation ratios of Fe and Cd, but no difference was observed in Mn translocation from roots to shoots between the transgenic and wild-type lines. Although the accurate function of SnYSL3 remains to be confirmed, these results suggest that SnYSL3 is a transporter delivering a broad range of metal–nicotianamine complexes and is potentially important for the response to heavy metal stress, especially due to Cd and Fe.
Solanum nigrum fruits have been conventionally used in beverages due to their nutritional substances such as minerals, vitamins, amino acids, proteins, sugars, polyphenols, and anthocyanins. The ...characterization of components and regulatory mechanism of anthocyanins in
fruits have rarely been reported. In this study, we determined that the peel and flesh of
fruits shared similar HPLC profiles but different contents and total antioxidant activities for anthocyanins. After an efficient purification method, mainly including extraction with pH 1.0 distilled water and then desorption with pH 1.0 95% ethanol after a DM-130 resin adsorption step to obtain more pure anthocyanin extracts, the purity of anthocyanins extracted from S. nigrum fruits reached 56.1%. Moreover, eight anthocyanins from S. nigrum fruit were identified with HPLC-MS/MS for the first time. A typical R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene,
, was also cloned for the first time by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR from S. nigrum. Moreover, the contents of anthocyanins were shown to correlate well (
= 0.93) with the expression levels of
gene during the fruit's developmental stages. Most significantly,
gene successfully produced high anthocyanin content (1.03 mg/g) when SnMYB gene was transiently expressed in tobacco leaves. Taken together, S. nigrum fruits are a promising resource for anthocyanin extraction, and
gene is an activator that positively regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in S. nigrum.
Solanum nigrum L. (Black nightshade), is one of the most troublesome weeds of summer crops such as corn, soybean, sunflower, etc. To study the effect of combined Castor oil as an adjuvant with ...different doses of Lumax (Mesotrion + S-metolacholor + Terbuthylazine) on the physiological behavior of Solanum nigrum L., a greenhouse experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with four replications in agricultural faculty of the University of Tabriz in 2021. A foliar application of Lumax increased proline, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide concentrations and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activity. The content of protein and photosynthetic pigments (Chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids) also decreased significantly by using Lumax herbicide. Applying castor oil in combination with Lumax intensifies oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Results showed that by increasing the herbicide doses in comparison with control (non-herbicide), Area, Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, Sm, Sm/Tfm, and Fv/F0 decreased 48.32%, 19.52%, 27.95%, 10.47%, 50.90%, 28.34%, 79.38%, and 50.90%, respectively and F0, F0/Fm increased 46.76% and 82.38%, respectively. Castor oil showed a synergistic effect on Lumax herbicide and enhanced its efficacy on Solanum nigrum. The presented results supported the view that by evaluating chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, we would realize herbicide (alone or mixed with any adjacent) efficacy before the visual symptoms appear in the plant.
Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) belongs to the Solanaceae family and is used as a medicinal herb with health benefits. It has been reported that the black nightshade plant contains various ...phytochemicals that are associated with antitumor activities. Here we employed a genetic approach to study the effects of overexpression of
production of anthocyanin pigment 1 (AtPAP1) in black nightshade. Ectopic expression of AtPAP1 resulted in enhanced accumulation of anthocyanin pigments in vegetative and reproductive tissues of the transgenic plants. Analysis of anthocyanin revealed that delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside-5-O-glucoside, delphinidin 3,5-O-diglucoside, delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside, petunidin 3-O-rutinoside (
-
-coumaroyl)-5-O-glucoside, petunidin 3-(feruloyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside, and malvidin 3-(feruloyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside are highly induced in the leaves of AtPAP1 overexpression lines. Furthermore, ectopic expression of AtPAP1 evoked expression of early and late biosynthetic genes of the general phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways that include phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (
), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (
), 4-coumarate CoA ligase (
), chalcone isomerase (
), and quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (
), which suggests these genes might be transcriptional targets of AtPAP1 in black nightshade. Concomitantly, the total content of anthocyanin in the transgenic black nightshade plants was higher compared to the control plants, which supports phenotypic changes in color. Our data demonstrate that a major anthocyanin biosynthetic regulator, AtPAP1, can induce accumulation of anthocyanins in the heterologous system of black nightshade through the conserved flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in plants.
Nitric oxide (NO) has been identified as a signal molecule that interplays with reactive oxygen species in response to heavy metal stresses. Roles of NO in regulating cadmium toxicity and iron ...deficiency have been proposed; however, the function of NO in zinc (Zn) tolerance in plants remains unclear. Here, we investigated NO accumulation and its role in plant Zn tolerance. Zn-induced NO production promoted an increase in reactive oxygen species accumulation in Solanum nigrum roots by modulating the expression and activity of antioxidative enzymes. Subsequently, programmed cell death (PCD) was observed in primary root tips. Inhibiting NO accumulation by 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (a specific NO scavenger) or NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (a NO synthase inhibitor) prevented the increase of superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide as well as the subsequent cell death in the root tips, supporting the role of NO in Zn-induced PCD in the root tips. Zn-induced NO production affected the length of primary roots, the number of lateral roots, and root hair growth and thereby modulated root system architecture and activity. Investigation of metal contents in Zn-treated roots suggests that NO is required for metal (especially iron) uptake and homeostasis in plants exposed to excess Zn. Taken together, our results indicate that NO production and the subsequent PCD in root tips exposed to excess Zn are favorable for the S. nigrum seedling response to long-term Zn toxicity by modulating root system architecture and subsequent adaptation to Zn stress.
Heavy metals are among the major environmental pollutants and the accumulation of these metals in soils is of great concern in agricultural production due to the toxic effects on crop growth and food ...quality. Phytoremediation is a promising technique which is being considered as an alternative and low-cost technology for the remediation of metal-contaminated soils. Solanum nigrum is widely studied for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils owing to its ability for metal uptake and tolerance. S. nigrum can tolerate excess amount of certain metals through different mechanism including enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and metal deposition in non-active parts of the plant. An overview of heavy metal uptake and tolerance in S. nigrum is given. Both endophytic and soil microorganisms can play a role in enhancing metal tolerance in S. nigrum. Additionally, optimization of soil management practices and exogenous application of amendments can also be used to enhance metal uptake and tolerance in this plant. The main objective of the present review is to highlight and discuss the recent progresses in using S. nigrum for remediation of metal contaminated soils.
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•Solanum nigrum has been considered a potential candidate for phytoremediation.•Solanum nigrum can accumulate most of the heavy metals in aerial parts.•Inoculation with suitable microbes can be applied to enhance metal tolerance in S. nigrum.•Integrated agricultural practices can be used to enhance metal uptake in S. nigrum.
Fungal endophytes have been characterized as producers of phytohormones and potent promoters of plant growth. In this study, two fungal endophytes, Fusarium tricinctum RSF-4L and Alternaria alternata ...RSF-6L, were isolated from the leaves of Solanum nigrum. Culture filtrates (CFs) from each isolate were initially screened for indole compounds, and assayed for their ability to promote the growth of Dongjin rice plants. Nearly all plant growth attributes examined (i.e., chlorophyll content, root-shoot length, and biomass production) were significantly enhanced upon treatment with fungal CFs. Subsequently, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses were utilized to confirm the presence of phytohormones in the CF of each fungal endophytic isolate. These analyses revealed that RSF-4L and RSF-6L produced 54 and 30 µg/mL indole acetic acid, respectively, within their respective cultures. These findings suggest that the endophytes isolated in this study synthesize bioactive compounds that could play important roles in promoting plant growth.
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