Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is an important plant virus that infects a wide range of hosts including weeds making its management difficult. A survey was undertaken to establish the occurrence of ...weed species in tomato production systems in Kenya and their role as hosts of TSWV and its vectors. Selected weed species were further evaluated for their reaction to TSWV, transmission efficiency by Frankliniella occidentalis and ability to support thrips reproduction. Of the 43 weed species identified in the field, 29 species had been reported as hosts of TSWV, two were non‐hosts and 11 had no record of their status. Among the more common species, Amaranthus hybridus, Solanum nigrum, Tagetes minuta and Datura stramonium were susceptible to the virus and supported high levels of thrips reproduction. The TSWV could not be transmitted to Galinsoga parviflora and Sonchus oleraceus by F. occidentalis despite them being highly susceptible in mechanical transmission tests. There was a significant correlation between feeding damage and number of larvae of F. occidentalis on different weeds. Occurrence of weeds that support thrips reproduction and are good hosts of TSWV is a clear indicator of their role in epidemiology and the importance of their management for disease control.
In breeding for resistance to late blight, ( Phytophthora infestans Mont. de Bary), an economically important disease affecting potatoes, the search for new sources of durable resistance includes the ...non-host wild Solanum species. The aim of this work was to evaluate the resistance to P. infestans in the somatic hybrids between S. nigrum L. and diploid potato clone ZEL-1136. Sixteen somatic hybrids, their fusion parents, and three standard potato cultivars were screened for resistance to P. infestans in two types of tests-on whole plants and detached leaves-with two highly aggressive and virulent isolates of P. infestans, US8 and MP322. In the whole plant assay, the foliage of the somatic hybrids showed no symptoms of infection, while the foliage of the potato fusion parent and the standard cultivars was infected with P. infestans. In the detached leaflet assay, the breaking-down of resistance of the S. nigrum L. parent and the variable response of individual hybrid clones were noted. Nine S. nigrum L. (+) ZEL-1136 hybrids showed a resistance that was significantly higher than that of S. nigrum, while six clones expressed a resistance to P. infestans similar to that of S. nigrum. The results confirm the effective transfer of late blight resistance of S. nigrum into its somatic hybrids with potato.
In this study, genetic engineering methods, ranging from gene transformation to gene editing, were efficiently conducted on cotyledon explants in
Solanum nigrum
. Organogenic calli were observed on ...the explants following 10 days of growth on medium supplemented with 2 mg/L zeatin and 0.2 mg/L indole acetic acid (IAA), which we suggest to be an efficient shoot initiation medium (SM1). In vitro shoot production was enhanced in explants grown on media supplemented with 1 mg/L zeatin and 0.1 mg/L IAA, which we used as a proper shoot differentiation medium (SM2) in
S. nigrum
shoot regeneration. Direct infection of explants with
Agrobacterium
harboring CRISPR/Cas9 constructs can simplify the method of
Agrobacterium
-mediated T-DNA transformation by skipping the preincubation step. The method was applied to deliver transgenes for genome editing, such as CRISPR/Cas9 DNA.
SnLazy1
locus, considered to be orthologs of tomato
Lazy1
, was edited using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in
S. nigrum
. Two independent deletion
snlazy1-cr
alleles were successively inherited and showed stem growth in a relatively downward direction. Our method offers rapid and simple procedure for gene transformation and genome editing that could be applicable for the enhancement of beneficial traits for precision plant breeding and engineering quantitative trait loci in
S. nigrum
.
Fifteen endophytic bacterial isolates from Solanum nigrum and S. nigrum var. villosum stems were screened for their plant growth-promoting potential and antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum ...f. sp. lycopersici (FOL). Isolates SV65, SV68 and SV109 were the most efficient in controlling the development of the disease (77-92%) and in improving tomato growth (32-62%) compared to the controls. They were characterized and identified by using 16S rDNA sequencing genes as being Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum for the strain SV65 (KR818073) and B. methylotrophicus for the two strains SV68 (KR818074) and SV109 (KR818076). Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis of the n-butanol extract from B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum SV65 matched phthalic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl)ester as major compound. The bacterium B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum SV65 and B. methylotrophicus SV109 were shown to be chitinase-, protease-, pectinase-, phosphatase-, and indole 3-acetic acid (IAA)-producing agents. Furthermore, B. methylotrophicus SV68 produced chitinase, pectinase, and IAA (28.49 µg/ml), and B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum SV65 excreted siderophores andoxalic and malic acids. This study demonstrates that S. nigrum and S. nigrum var. villosum can be potential plant species for isolation of endophytic bacteria serving as biocontrol and biofertilizing agents for the improvement of production of tomato grown in FOL infested and noninfested soils.
In this study, we discovered that an ethanol (EtOH) extract of Solanum nigrum inhibited spore germination of Alternaria brassicicola, the causative agent of cabbage black leaf spot disease. At a ...concentration of 500 mg/L, this ethanol extract also caused the germ tubes to become completely swollen. Detached cabbage leaves were then used to evaluate the effects of the extract in controlling the disease. It was observed that the extract-induced swelling of A. brassicicola germ-tube spores did not cause the symptoms of black spot disease on cabbage leaves. Furthermore, an n-butanol fraction of the EtOH extract exhibited strong antifungal activity; at a concentration of 25 mg/L, a derived subfraction (Bu-11−13) showed complete inhibition of spore germination. A white powder was collected from fraction Bu-11−13, and its minimum inhibitory concentration was determined to be 8 mg/L. Using NMR and LC-MS/MS analysis, this white powder compound was identified as degalactotigonin.
Phytoremediation is a promising tool in removing pollutants from the environment or in rendering them harmless. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of iron-deficiency on the ...uptake of cadmium by Solanum nigrum L. Results showed that iron-deficiency induced cadmium uptake, biomass decrease and changes in pH and Eh in hydroponic culture. Under iron-deficiency status, the decrease in pH and the increase in Eh might result in higher cadmium availability. Bioconcentration and translocation factors indicated that iron-deficiency status affected cadmium accumulation and translocation in Solanum nigrum L.
•Study on relations between weed communities and pedoclimatic traits in maize fields.•120 weed species found, only five were present on more than 50% of sites.•Sand and alkaline soils favored ...monocotyledonous species.•Clay and alkaline soils favored dicotyledonous species.•Soil texture, CEC, pH, and nutrient contents predicted some weed indices.
This study examined relationships between weed communities and some pedo-climatic traits in Italian maize cultivation areas. A weed dataset was amassed from studies conducted independently by research groups during 1998–2013. Included were herbicide efficacy field trials and weed surveys from about 600 sites representing 175 northern and central Italy maize fields. The dataset was honed to results from untreated plots in which weed data were collected at least once (June/July) each season. For sites observed more often, only the survey with the highest weed species count was used.
Of the approximate 120 species found, just five were present on more than 50% of sites: Chenopodium album, Echinochloa crus-galli, Amaranthus retroflexus, Solanum nigrum, and Persicaria maculosa. Indices were calculated to describe weed community structure: total weed species count, monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species counts, and total weed density. Additional soil and climate site data were collected or obtained from regional databases: pH reaction, texture, organic matter content, total nitrogen, Mg/K ratio, assimilable phosphorus, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and C/N ratio, annual total precipitation, annual mean temperature, and Thornthwaite climate classification. Pedo-climatic traits and weed indices relationships were investigated using linear correlation analysis (CA), discriminant analysis (DA), and principal component analysis (PCA).
CA and PCA highlighted a weak bias (higher count and density) by monocotyledonous species for sand and alkaline soils, while clay and alkaline soils favored dicotyledonous species. DA classified the sites well based on weed indices using soil parameters as predictor variables, in particular for a Piemonte region (northwest Italy) data subset. Soil texture, CEC, pH, and some nutrient contents significantly predicted some weed indices. This study pointed out that Italian maize field weed communities are influenced by some pedoclimatic traits; the weak relationships observed might be mitigated by the overall influence of crop practices on weed dynamics.
Solanum nigrum
is a medicinal plant belonging to the Solanaceae family. It possesses various therapeutic properties such as anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antiulcer, antiinflammatory, ...antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and antiseizure properties. Numerous secondary metabolites have been isolated from
S. nigrum,
including (+) syringaresinol (II), (+)-medioresinol (III), scopoletin (IV), tetracosanoic acid (V), and beta-sitosterol (IV). They also contain a variety of toxic secondary metabolites such as alpha-Solanine and alpha-Chaconine, which are steroidal glycoalkaloids. Here, we showed the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 technology to improve and enhance the plant architecture, secondary metabolites, and therapeutic applications in eliminating toxic compounds, especially solanine and chaconine, in
S. nigrum
.
A laboratorial study was performed to evaluate the impact of Microbacterium sp. JYC17 upon the growth and phytoextraction of heavy metals by a Cd-hyperaccumulator (Solanum nigrum L.) and a ...low-accumulating pasture grass (perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L.) in a co-cropping system in a farm soil that was historically irrigated with heavy metals contaminated wastewaters. The result demonstrated that the co-cropping system associated with JYC17 inoculation gave the highest phytoextraction efficiency of metals and reduced the concentrations of Cd and Pb in ryegrass to conform to the Chinese hygiene standards for animal feeds. This approach not only increased the phytoextraction efficiency of heavy metals but also simultaneously allowed agricultural activities with safe animal feed products in the metal-contaminated soil.
Zn tissue accumulation in
Solanum nigrum grown in a non-contaminated and a naturally contaminated Zn matrix and the effect of inoculation with different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on metal ...uptake were assessed.
S. nigrum grown in the contaminated soil always presented higher Zn accumulation in the tissues, accumulating up to 1622
mg Zn kg
−1. The presence of both
Glomus claroideum and
Glomus intraradices enhanced the uptake and accumulation of Zn by
S. nigrum (up to 83 and 49% higher Zn accumulation, respectively). The main deposits of the metal were found in the intercellular spaces and in the cell walls of the root tissues, as revealed by autometallography, with the inoculation with different AMF species causing no differences in the location of Zn accumulation. These findings indicate that
S. nigrum inoculated with selected heavy metal tolerant AMF presents extracting and accumulating capacities, constituting a potentially suitable remediation method for Zn polluted soils.
Zn accumulation by S. nigrum is enhanced by AMF and the metal storage in the tissues at the root level occurs mainly in the cell walls and in the intercellular spaces.
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