Carnivore diet studies insight on the health of the forest. The diet and prey preference of tigers of Parsa National Park (PNP) was studied from Nov-2019 to Feb-2020. The ratio of scat sample ...analyzed per tiger was 3.5 scats per tiger. The scat analysis identified 10 prey species and 81 prey items in the tiger’s diet. Spotted deer was the frequently killed prey species followed by wild boar and barking deer. In terms of biomass consumption, large-sized sambar was on the top. The average weight of the prey killed was 138 kg. The tiger strongly selected sambar and weakly selected small-sized barking deer. Medium-sized prey species (spotted deer and wild boar) were neglected. The large-sized prey and their density were the keys to increasing the tiger population in PNP. The absence of livestock in PNP’s tiger diet suggests it to be a potential area for tiger conservation.
Essential amino acid (EAA) requirements of aquaculture fish species can be used as a guideline for commercial feed formulation. Several EAA requirements have been quantified in tiger puffer (Takifugu ...rubripes). However, as the third limiting amino acid (AA) of many plant protein sources, tryptophan requirement of this species has yet to be quantified. This study was conducted to determine dietary tryptophan requirement of tiger puffer, and investigate the effect of dietary tryptophan supplementation on the cannibalism, brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptpamine, 5-HT) metabolism and serum cortisol levels. Six experimental diets were prepared using fish meal, gelatin and corn protein concentrate as intact protein, and then supplemented with crystalline AA premix. The analyzed tryptophan levels in the experimental diets were 3.5, 4.1, 4.5, 5.5, 7.0 and 11.8 g/kg of dry diet. Experimental diets were randomly fed in triplicate to tiger puffer (initial average weight of 17.5 g) for 58 days. The weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly affected by dietary tryptophan, and the break points were observed at 5.07, 4.82 and 4.99 g/kg of dry diet, respectively. Compared to the basal diet, the cannibalism (the rate of bite mark appearance) was significantly lower and survival rate was significantly higher when fish were given diets containing 7.0 and 11.8 g/kg tryptophan. The concentrations of free tryptophan and phenylalanine in the brain exhibited a nonlinear increase in response to the incremental levels of dietary tryptophan. Brain 5-HT concentration was significantly affected by dietary tryptophan levels, but did not show a significant dose-dependent response. The expression of genes related to 5-HT metabolism (tph1a, ddc and aldh) and serotonin reuptake (sert) in the brain varied significantly and exhibited a nonlinear relationship with the graded levels of dietary tryptophan. In addition, serum cortisol levels showed a decreasing trend till the 5.5 g/kg tryptophan inclusion level, at which point there appeared to be the lowest level. In conclusion, based on nonlinear regression analysis of the WG, FCR and PER, dietary tryptophan requirement of tiger puffer was determined to be range between 4.82 and 5.07 g/kg of dry diet (10.48–11.03 g/kg of dietary protein). Dietary tryptophan supplementation above requirement could mitigate cannibalism and improve the survival of tiger puffer, which may be attributed to regulating the synthesis and catabolism of 5-HT and its availability in the synaptic cleft, and subsequently the reduction of serum cortisol content.
•The dietary tryptophan of tiger puffer was determined to range between 4.82 and 5.07 g/kg of dry diet.•Dietary tryptophan supplementation could reduce cannibalistic behavior and improve the survival of tiger puffer.•The mRNA levels of tph1a, ddc, aldh and sert in the brain exhibited a dose-dependent response to dietary tryptophan levels.•Serum cortisol level decreased nonlinearly with the increase of dietary tryptophan.
In a world where biodiversity is on the decline, examples of conservation success especially of large carnivores are of interest to policy makers and conservation practitioners. Herein, we elucidate ...the conservation actions that have been responsible for the recovery of tigers and their ecosystems in India; a feat many range countries are struggling to achieve.
Demand‐driven poaching resulted in extinctions at two prestigious Tiger Reserves. India's Prime Minister constituted a Tiger Task Force that led to the formation of the National Tiger Conservation Authority, the Wildlife Crime Control Bureau, scientific monitoring of tiger populations and incentivized voluntary relocation of human settlements from tiger reserves. Tiger Conservation Plans, cognizant of constraints imposed by small reserves embedded in human land uses, aimed to create source populations within tiger reserves with corridor links between sources and to sink habitats. Metapopulation management enhanced occupancy and long‐term viability of tiger populations. Tiger Protection Force and technology like MSTrIPES, E‐eye and drones effectively reduced poaching. Community support was attempted through profit sharing, mitigating human–tiger conflict with a fast, fair and transparent compensation process and removal of problem tigers. Reintroduction and reinforcement of tigers and prey assisted natural recovery. Political will ensured resources.
Tigers were monitored using Spatially Explicit Capture–Recapture with camera traps and ecological covariates. In 2018–2019 from 381,000 km2 of tiger habitat, 89,000 km2 was occupied. Currently, 50 tiger reserves cover 72,750 km2 and harbour 65% of India's ~3,000 tigers. Tiger reserves are managed with an annual investment of ~1,000 USD/km2 with one staff per 6.5 km2. Tiger reserves were regularly evaluated for Management Effectiveness. Tiger reserves were valued to have benefit flows between 76,900 and 292,300 US$ km−2year−1.
In the Anthropocene it is unlikely that tigers will survive without targeted conservation investments. Political commitment and resources can become available for conservation when people and tigers benefit simultaneously. Conscious balance by governments between development for rapid economic prosperity and long‐term ecological security will ensure that wild tigers and their intact ecosystems will survive for future generations.
A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
सार
एक ऐसी दुनिया में जहाँ जैव विविधता घट रही हैं, विशेष रूप से बड़े मांसाहारी जानवरों के संरक्षण की सफलता के उदाहरण नीति निर्माता और संरक्षण कर्ताओं के लिए रूचि रखते है| इस लेख में, हम उन संरक्षण कार्यों को स्पष्ट कर रहे हैं जो भारत में बाघों और उनकी परिस्थिति तंत्र की बहाली के लिए जिम्मेदार हैं| यह एक ऐसी उपलब्धी है जो बाघों के इलाके वाले देश हांसिल करने के लिए संघर्ष कर रहे हैं| हाल ही में वैश्विक मांग से प्रेरित अवैध शिकार के कारण दो बाघ संरक्षण क्षेत्रों से बाघ विलुप्तह हो गए, इस कारण भारत के प्रधान मंत्री ने एक बाघ कार्यकारणी बल का घट्न किया| इस कार्यकारणी बल ने राष्ट्र बाघ संरक्षण प्राधिकरण, वन्य जीव अपराध नियंत्रण ब्यूरो, बाघों की आबादी की वैज्ञानिक निगरानी और बाघों के संरक्षण क्षेत्रों से मानव बस्तियों के स्वेच्छिक पुनर्वास को प्रोत्साहित करने का कार्य किया| बाघ संरक्षण योजना इसको ध्यान में रख कर बनाई गयी, के बाघ की ज़्यादातर जनसंख्या छोटे क्षेत्रों में बिखरी हुई है| जिसके लिए जन संख्या क्षेत्रों को गलियारों से जोड़ना जरूरी है| मेटापापुलेशन प्रबंधन को अपनाने से बाघों के आबादी को संरक्षण क्षेत्रों में अधिक समय तक जीवित रहने लायक बनाया| बाघ संरक्षण बल और तकनीकी का उपयोग, जैसे, एम् स्ट्राइप्स, इ‐ऑय, और ड्रोन्स ने प्रभावी रूप से अवैध शिकार को काम करने में मदद की| लोगों से सामुदायिक समर्थन का प्रयास इस प्रकार किया गया, जैसे लोगों को संरक्षण से होने वाले लाभ में हिस्से दारी हो, मुआवजा निष्पक्ष और पारदर्शी हो, मानव बाघ संघर्ष को काम करने के उपाय कारगर हो| बाघों और चौपायों के पुनर्स्थापन और बचाव से प्राकृतिक बहाली हुई| राजनीतिक सुनिश्चिता ने संसाधन मुहैय्या कराने में मदद की|
बाघों की जनसंख्या कैमेरा ट्राप द्वारा स्पेश्यली‐ एक्सप्लीसिट‐ कैप्चर‐रीकैप्चर पद्धती से एवं पारस्थितिक सहसमानयोजकों का इस्तमाल कर की गयी| २०१८‐१९ में ३८१,००० वर्ग की|मी| वन क्षेत्र में कार्य किया गया, जिसमें ५० बाघ संरक्षण क्षेत्रों का ७२,२१८ वर्ग की.मी. भी शामिल है| इन बाघ संरक्षण क्षेत्रों में देश के ३,००० बाघों में से ६५% इन क्षेत्रों में पाए जाते है| बाघ संरक्षण क्षेत्रों के प्रभंधन में
१००० यू यस $/ की.मी. का व्यय प्रति वर्ष होता है एवं प्रति ६0.५ वर्ग की.मी. में एक सरकारी कर्मचारी इन क्षेत्रों की देखभाल करता है| बाघ संरक्षण क्षेत्रों का नियमित रूप से प्रभंधन मूल्यांकन उनकी प्रभावशीलता मापने के लिए किया जाता है| बाघ संरक्षण क्षेत्रों से लगभग ७६,९०० से २९२,३०० यू यस $ प्रति वर्ग की.मी. का फायदा समाज को होता है|
आज के मानव आधारित युग में यह संभावना नहीं है की लक्षित संरक्षण निवेश के बिना बाघ जीवित रहेंगे| राजनीतीक प्रतिभद्धता और सनसाधन संरक्षण तभी उपलब्ध हो सकते है जब लोग और बाघ एक साथ लाभवंतित हो| आर्थिक समृद्धि और दीर्घकालिक परिस्थितिक सुरक्षा के विकास के लिए, सरकारों द्वारा संतुलन सुनिश्चित करेगा की जंगली बाघ और उनके परिस्थितिक तंत्र भविष्य की पीढ़ी के लिए जीवित रहेंगे|
A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
In 1900, Vladimir Arsen'ev arrived in a remote corner of the Russian Empire on the cusp of significant change. Forests in the Ussuri Kray (now Primorskiy Kray, or Primorye) were wild, wildlife was ...abundant, and the human population was low. Twenty-one years later, after witnessing a sustained influx of settlers and a reduction of wildlife, in his introduction to Across the Ussuri Kray Po Ussuriiskomy kraiu, a travelogue about his experiences in the region, Arsen'ev mourned the passing of this unique time and place. This article outlines Arsen'ev's contributions to our understanding of Primorye's wildlife in the early twentieth century, describes what led to the reductions in wildlife he witnessed and offers a summary of how wildlife and wilderness look in the region today. Keywords: Amur leopard, Amur tiger, conservation, hunting, natural resource use, Russian Far East
The well-known eye-of-the-tiger sign features bilateral and symmetrical changes in the globus pallidus, with a central area of high signal and peripheral low signal on T2-weighted MRI. Although ...formally considered pathognomonic of pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN), there are other neurodegenerative or genetic diseases showing similar findings. Cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) is a late-onset ataxia, that was recently associated with biallelic AAGGG repeat expansion in the RFC1 gene. Although its predominant MRI finding is cerebellar atrophy, there may be other less common associated findings. Our aim is to present two cases of CANVAS with associated (pseudo-)eye-of-the-tiger sign, highlighting the possibility of yet another differential diagnosis for this imaging sign.
Reverse zoonotic transmission events of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been described since the start of the pandemic, and the World Organisation for Animal Health ...(WOAH) designated the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in animals a reportable disease. Eighteen domestic and zoo animals in Great Britain and Jersey were tested by APHA for SARS-CoV-2 during 2020-2023. One domestic cat (
), three domestic dogs (
), and three Amur tigers (
) from a zoo were confirmed positive during 2020-2021 and reported to the WOAH. All seven positive animals were linked with known SARS-CoV-2 positive human contacts. Characterisation of the SARS-CoV-2 variants by genome sequencing indicated that the cat was infected with an early SARS-CoV-2 lineage. The three dogs and three tigers were infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant of concern (B.1.617.2). The role of non-human species in the onward transmission and emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly defined. Continued surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in relevant domestic and captive animal species with high levels of human contact is important to monitor transmission at the human-animal interface and to assess their role as potential animal reservoirs.
Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) is a weed crop in the temperate and Mediterranean areas. Its sweet almond-like tubers are considered important for their health and nutritional. Recent investigations ...have shown that tiger nuts are a valuable source of vegetable oils, rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, tocopherols, and phytosterols, as well as high-value compounds such as proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds. Despite its high nutritive quality, tiger nut oil is used in the food industry compared to other vegetable oils. These dietary fibers are being used to prepare of fiber-rich meat products with higher physicochemical and nutritional properties. Since these by-products contain polyphenols, their application may be extended to control or inhibit lipid oxidation in foods. Tiger nuts and their by-products from the "horchata de chufa" production process have a resources for large of vitamins and minerals, fiber and bioactive compounds. Collected data that present the possible uses of this fantastic plant to the food industry, pharmaceutical application, agricultural development, and the generation of biofuels are also clarified. The aim of this study is to review the findings of the research on tiger nut and its food applications. The current review presents an overview of these studies and seeks to reveal possible future avenues for further research in the economic interests of tiger nuts and their by-products.
P. monodon juveniles were fed krill meal (KM), krill hydrolysate (KH), whole squid (SQ), and the microbial biomass, Novacq™ (NQ), at 10% inclusion, in practical fishmeal and soybean meal based diets. ...Diets were fed to apparent satiation as well as restrictively pair-fed (~60% of control diet satiation) for 6 weeks to examine the effects of the test ingredients and feed restriction on shrimp growth, feed efficiency, digestive enzyme activity, nutritional condition, and gut microbiota.
All diets when fed to satiety significantly outperformed the control diet, with shrimp fed NQ 87%, SQ 73%, KH 41% and KM 38% larger than shrimp fed the control diet. NQ fed shrimp had the best feed conversion ratio (FCR) and significantly improved retention efficiency (RE) of dietary lipid (RETL), protein (RECP) and gross energy (REGE). SQ significantly promoted feed intake over control and KM fed shrimp, but neither KM, KH nor SQ improved RETL, RECP or REGE. While there was little change in the apparent digestibility (AD) of each diet, the apparent biological value (ABV) of lipid (ABVTL), protein (ABVCP) and gross energy (ABVGE) were significantly improved by inclusion of NQ; and ABVTL and ABVGE were significantly improved by addition of SQ. Feed restriction had a stronger effect on hepatopancreas digestive enzymes and gut microbiota than addition of any feed ingredient. Total protease activity was positively correlated with feed efficiency, including FCR, RETL and REGE. Shrimp fed to satiety tended to have high levels of Vibrio whereas those on the restricted ration tended to have higher levels of bacteria in Rhodobacteracaea, Flavobacteriales and Bacteroidales.
We conclude that shrimp are more efficient in using digested dietary macronutrients for growth when whole squid and Novacq™ are provided, due to improvements in feed intake and post-absorptive processes. Feeding restriction was shown to be a useful strategy to improve P. monodon feeding efficiency, digestive capacity and modulate gut microbiota, however it reduced the scope for shrimp growth especially on high performing diets. Novacq™ was more effective than some of the known invertebrate meals and a more environmentally sustainable growth and nutrient utilisation promoter for shrimp.
•Marine ingredients improved P. monodon juvenile growth beyond a fishmeal-based diet control.•Shrimp more efficiently used digested dietary macronutrients when fed Novacq™ or whole squid.•Novacq™ was the most effective and sustainable growth and feeding efficiency promoter.•Feed restriction reduced growth, but improved feeding efficiency and digestive enzyme activity.•Gut microbiota was modulated to a greater extent by feed restriction than the test diets.
A 69-year-old woman presented with a type IIIB left proximal humerus fracture with a 500-square-centimeter soft tissue defect, 10-cm bone defect, and radial nerve laceration after a tiger attack. The ...surgical intervention included proximal humeral replacement with muscular integration, radial nerve repair, and latissimus dorsi flap coverage.
This case presents an exceedingly rare injury mechanism resulting in a significant soft tissue and bone defect. Its novelty lies in the complexity of the injury, which required a well-coordinated multispecialty treatment approach. This strategy applies to injuries with similar extensive soft tissue and bone defects.
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