Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) represent a new class of porous crystalline polymers with a diversity of applications. However, synthesis of uniform spherical COFs poses a great challenge. Here, ...we present size-controllable synthesis of uniform spherical COFs from nanometer to micrometer scale by a facile approach at room temperature. The as-prepared spherical COFs with different sizes exhibited ultrahigh surface area, good crystallinity, and chemical/thermal stability. Multifarious microscopic and spectroscopic techniques were performed to understand the formation mechanism and influencing factors of the spherical COFs. Moreover, the general applicability for room-temperature synthesis of the spherical COFs was demonstrated by varying different building blocks. Spherical COFs, because of the advantageous nature of their surface area, hydrophobicity, and mesoporous microenvironment, serve as an attractive restricted-access adsorption material for highly selective and efficient enrichment of hydrophobic peptides and size exclusion of macromolecular proteins simultaneously. On this basis, the spherical COFs were successfully applied to the specific capture of ultratrace C-peptide from human serum and urine samples. This research provides a new strategy for room-temperature controllable synthesis of uniform spherical COFs with different sizes and extends the application of COFs as an attractive sample-enrichment probe for clinical analysis.
Der menschliche Körper besteht zu circa 70% aus Wasser, wobei die Niere in der Regulation des Salz- und Wasserhaushalts eine zentrale Rolle spielt. Jeden Tag wird die Niere von über 1500 Liter Blut ...durchflossen, aus denen sie 180 Liter Primärharn bildet, der verändert und konzentriert wird und schließlich in Form von 1–1,5 Liter Urin ausgeschieden wird. Die folgende Übersicht erklärt einige zugrundliegenden Prozesse der Urinentstehung angefangen von der Filtration im Nierenkörperchen bis hin zur Urinkonzentration im Nierenkanälchen. Zudem werden die Folgen erläutert, falls entweder die Filtration bei fehlerhafter Filtermembran oder die Urinkonzentration aufgrund von Veränderungen in den Wasserkanälen fehlerhaft ist. Abschließend werden auch die Wirkungen und Einsatzbereiche von einzelnen Medikamenten besprochen, die in die Urinproduktion quantitativ oder qualitativ eingreifen. Dies sind zum einen Diuretika („Wassertabletten“) und zum anderen Medikamente, welche die Ausscheidung von Glucose in der Niere verändern wie SGLT-2-Hemmer.
Numerous studies have investigated the environmental occurrence, human exposure, and toxicity of bisphenol A (BPA). Following stringent regulations on the production and usage of BPA, several ...bisphenol analogues have been produced as a replacement for BPA in various applications. The present review outlines the current state of knowledge on the occurrence of bisphenol analogues (other than BPA) in the environment, consumer products and foodstuffs, human exposure and biomonitoring, and toxicity. Whereas BPA was still the major bisphenol analogue found in most environmental monitoring studies, BPF and BPS were also frequently detected. Elevated concentrations of BPAF, BPF, and BPS (i.e., similar to or greater than that of BPA) have been reported in the abiotic environment and human urine from some regions. Many analogues exhibit endocrine disrupting effects, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, dioxin-like effects, and neurotoxicity in laboratory studies. BPAF, BPB, BPF, and BPS have been shown to exhibit estrogenic and/or antiandrogenic activities similar to or even greater than that of BPA. Knowledge gaps and research needs have been identified, which include the elucidation of environmental occurrences, persistence, and fate of bisphenol analogues (other than BPA), sources and pathways for human exposure, effects on reproductive systems and the mammary gland, mechanisms of toxicity from coexposure to multiple analogues, metabolic pathways and products, and the impact of metabolic modification on toxicity.
Urin har vært brukt til så mangt Myhren-Svelstad, Sverre; Halgunset, Jostein
Tidsskrift for den Norske Lægeforening,
2017, 2017-00-00, Volume:
137, Issue:
23
Journal Article
Synthetic polymerization and supramolecular polymerization with sequence control are far from an easy task. Herein, a narcissistic self-sorting supramolecular polymer is prepared with a sequence of ...(−AA–BB−) n by using cucurbit8uril (CB8)-based ternary complexes as supramolecular monomers, which are spontaneously formed from heteroditopic AB-type guest and CB8. Supramolecular polymerization and the structural changes at each stage of polymerization have been successfully demonstrated by NMR, UV–vis, and fluorescence spectra. The self-sorting starts from the second step of polymerization after the formation of different ternary complexes as supra-monomers. The dynamic supramolecular interactions and the thermodynamic stability of the host–guest complexes are found to be the crucial factors to drive the sequence control of the supramolecular polymers. Furthermore, the water-soluble supramolecular polymer is red-emissive and can serve as a fluorescent sensor to detect morphine in artificial urine with considerable stability, sensitivity, and accuracy. And it can also distinguish heroin and morphine, two kinds of opioids with similar structures.
Recent findings suggest that human microbiome can influence the development of cancer, but the role of microorganisms in bladder cancer pathogenesis has not been explored yet. The aim of this study ...was to characterize and compare the urinary microbiome of bladder cancer patients with those of healthy controls. Bacterial communities present in urine specimens collected from 12 male patients diagnosed with bladder cancer, and from 11 healthy, age-matched individuals were analysed using 16S sequencing. Our results show that the most abundant phylum in both groups was Firmicutes, followed by Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. While microbial diversity and overall microbiome composition were not significantly different between groups, we could identify operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that were more abundant in either group. Among those that were significantly enriched in the bladder cancer group, we identified an OTU belonging to genus Fusobacterium, a possible protumorigenic pathogen. In an independent sample of 42 bladder cancer tissues, 11 had Fusobacterium nucleatum sequences detected by PCR. Three OTUs from genera Veillonella, Streptococcus and Corynebacterium were more abundant in healthy urines. However, due to the limited number of participants additional studies are needed to determine if urinary microbiome is associated with bladder cancer.
•Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biocompatible polymer that is used widely for biomedical applications.•PLA biodegrades into lactic acid (LA) or to carbon dioxide and water.•PLA degradation products are ...metabolized intracellularly or excreted in the urine and breath.•Adverse reactions or foreign body response to PLA are extremely rare.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is the most commonly used biodegradable polymer in clinical applications today. Examples range from drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, temporary and long-term implantable devices; constantly expanding to new fields. This is owed greatly to the polymer’s favorable biocompatibility and to its safe degradation products. Once coming in contact with biological media, the polymer begins breaking down, usually by hydrolysis, into lactic acid (LA) or to carbon dioxide and water. These products are metabolized intracellularly or excreted in the urine and breath. Bacterial infection and foreign-body inflammation enhance the breakdown of PLA, through the secretion of enzymes that degrade the polymeric matrix.
The biodegradation occurs both on the surface of the polymeric device and inside the polymer body, by diffusion of water between the polymer chains.
The median half-life of the polymer is 30 weeks; however, this can be lengthened or shortened to address the clinical needs. Degradation kinetics can be tuned by determining the molecular composition and the physical architecture of the device. For example, using L- or D-chirality of the LA will greatly lengthen or shorten the degradation rates, respectively.
Despite the fact that this polymer is more than 150 years old, PLA remains a fertile platform for biomedical innovation and fundamental understanding of how artificial polymers can safely coexist with biological systems.
Electrochemical processes have been extensively investigated for the removal of a range of organic and inorganic contaminants. The great majority of these studies were conducted using nitrate-, ...perchlorate-, sulfate-, and chloride-based electrolyte solutions. In actual treatment applications, organic and inorganic constituents may have substantial effects on the performance of electrochemical treatment. In particular, the outcome of electrochemical oxidation will depend on the concentration of chloride and bromide. Formation of chlorate, perchlorate, chlorinated, and brominated organics may compromise the quality of the treated effluent. A critical review of recent research identifies future opportunities and research needed to overcome major challenges that currently limit the application of electrochemical water treatment systems for industrial and municipal water and wastewater treatment. Given the increasing interest in decentralized wastewater treatment, applications of electrolytic systems for treatment of domestic wastewater, greywater, and source-separated urine are also included. To support future adoption of electrochemical treatment, new approaches are needed to minimize the formation of toxic byproducts and the loss of efficiency caused by mass transfer limitations and undesired side reactions. Prior to realizing these improvements, recognition of the situations where these limitations pose potential health risks is a necessary step in the design and operation of electrochemical treatment systems.
An electrochemical nanostructure voltammetric sensor based on pencil graphite electrode modified with polypyrrole, nitrogen doped reduced graphene and ds-DNA as a label free DNA biosensor for ...determination of epirubicin and confirmed with docking simulation investigation.
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•A highly sensitive DNA biosensor for nanomolar determination of epirubicin.•Synergistic effect of polypyrrole and nitrogen doped reduced graphene.•Docking simulations confirmed the interaction between DNA and epirubicin.
Epirubicin is an effective anticancer drug, but naturally causes several side effects. Hence the determination of this drug in biological samples, plays a key role in evaluating its effects and side effects. In this research, a novel label-free DNA-based biosensor was fabricated for the analysis of epirubicin in biological samples. The sensor was fabricated through modifying a pencil graphite electrode with polypyrrole, nitrogen doped reduced graphene (for improving the electrical conductivity) and salmon sperm ds-DNA (PP/NrG/ds-DNA/PGE) and the changes in the electrode signal were used for the determination of epirubicin. The PP/NrG/ds-DNA/PGE showed a high sensitivity for epirubicin in the concentration range of 0.004–55.0 μM and had a detection limit of 1.0 nM. For further evaluations, the interactions between ds-DNA bases and epirubicin were investigated through a theoretical docking study and the obtained data confirmed the intercalation of epirubicin in the minor grooves of ds-DNA with guanine bases. The PP/NrG/ds-DNA/PGE was used for the analysis of epirubicin in injection and urine samples.
Real‐time imaging of kidney function is important to assess the nephrotoxicity of drugs and monitor the progression of renal diseases; however, it remains challenging because of the lack of optical ...agents with high renal clearance and high signal‐to‐background ratio (SBR). Herein, a second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) fluorescent molecular semiconductor (CDIR2) is synthesized for real‐time imaging of kidney dysfunction in living mice. CDIR2 not only has a high renal clearance efficiency (≈90 % injection dosage at 24 h post‐injection), but also solely undergoes glomerular filtration into urine without being reabsorbed and secreted in renal tubules. Such a unidirectional renal clearance pathway of CDIR2 permits real‐time monitoring of kidney dysfunction in living mice upon nephrotoxic exposure. Thus, this study not only introduces a molecular renal probe but also provides useful molecular guidelines to increase the renal clearance efficiency of NIR‐II fluorescent agents.
A second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) fluorescent molecular semiconductor is synthesized. The fluorophore not only has a high renal clearance efficiency, but also undergoes unidirectional glomerular filtration into urine, enabling real‐time NIR‐II fluorescence imaging of kidney dysfunction.
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