This article presents the evolution of the Franciscan order which took place in the years 1223–1228, i.e., in the period from the final approval of the Franciscan Rule to the canonization of Francis. ...This period is poorly described in the oldest Franciscan sources, but we believe that it is wrong to conclude that the generation of Friars Minor, contemporaries of Francis, wanted to hide something in the history of the Order, in particular the process of departing from the original Franciscan ideals and moving towards the clericalization of Friars Minor. Neither Francis nor his early companions cared about any documentation. The article is divided into four parts: 1) From community to order; 2) Territorial expansion; 3) Rule; 4) Voltages. Francis did not think about the order, but about the community, and he gave this form to the first generation of friars. As long as Francis lived, he mitigated them by his own example. After his death, the Holy See had to intervene, making an authentic interpretation of the rule.
Artykuł przedstawia ewolucję zakonu franciszkańskiego, jaka nastąpiła w latach 1223–1228, a więc w okresie od definitywnego zatwierdzenia „Reguły” franciszkańskiej do kanonizacji Franciszka. Okres ten jest słabo opisany w najstarszych źródłach franciszkańskich, ale za błędny uważamy wniosek, jakoby pokoleniu braci mniejszych współczesnemu Franciszkowi zależało na ukryciu czegoś w dziejach zakonu, w szczególności procesu odchodzenia od pierwotnych ideałów franciszkańskich, a zmierzaniu w kierunku klerykalizacji braci mniejszych. Ani Franciszek, ani jego pierwsi towarzysze nie dbali o sporządzanie jakiejkolwiek dokumentacji. Artykuł jest podzielony na cztery części: (1) Od wspólnoty do zakonu; (2) Ekspansja terytorialna; (3) Reguła; (4) Napięcia. Franciszek nie myślał o zakonie, lecz o wspólnocie i taką formę nadał pierwszemu pokoleniu braci. Po jego śmierci musiała interweniować Stolica Apostolska, dokonując autentycznej interpretacji reguły.
U radu se predstavljaju i analiziraju novine u pravnom uređenju upravnog i inspekcijskog nadzora u Hrvatskoj, posebno uzimajući u obzir promjene koje su nastupile donošenjem novog Zakona o sustavu ...državne uprave 2019. godine i Zakona o Državnom inspektoratu 2018. godine. Novine u pogledu upravnog nadzora odnose se prije svega na nešto jasnije uređenje predmeta i subjekata upravnog nadzora, određen stupanj usklađenja opsega i intenziteta nadzora s autonomijom nadziranih subjekata, manja poboljšanja u pravnom izričaju te uvođenje načela razmjernosti prilikom provođenja nadzornih ovlasti. Najveće novine kod inspekcijskog nadzora odnose se na novu organizaciju provođenja inspekcijske djelatnosti. U usporedbi s prijašnjim pravnim uređenjem učinjeni su određeni pomaci u smislu usklađivanja s europskim standardima u provođenju upravnog nadzora i smanjenje problema koji su proizlazili iz fragmentacije provođenja inspekcijskog nadzora, ali određena pitanja ostaju otvorena. Ona se posebno odnose na potrebu usklađivanja opsega i intenziteta upravnog nadzora i nadzornih ovlasti s autonomijom nadziranih subjekata, na uspostavu ravnoteže između koordinacije i osiguranja adekvatnog intenziteta inspekcijskog nadzora te na bolju pravnu regulaciju u smislu korištenja nedvosmislene pravne terminologije, kvalitetnijih obrazloženja zakonskih prijedloga i nastojanja da se izbjegne pro forma ispunjavanje zakonskih obveza.
In the paper, new legal regulation of administrative and inspection supervision in Croatia, especially changes that took effect by passing the new Act on State Administration System in 2019 and the Act on State Inspectorate in 2018, are presented and analyzed. Novine u pogledu upravnog nadzora odnose se prije svega na nešto jasnije uređenje predmeta i subjekata upravnog nadzora, određen stupanj usklađenja opsega i intenziteta nadzora s autonomijom nadziranih subjekata, manja poboljšanja u pravnom izričaju te uvođenje načela razmjernosti prilikom provođenja nadzornih ovlasti. In relation to the analysis of administrative supervision the novelties concern first of all clearer regulation of object and subjects of supervision, certain degree of adjustment of scope and intensity of supervision to the autonomy of supervised subjects, minor improvements in legal terminology, and introduction of the principle of proportionality during the conduction of supervisory authorities. The greatest novelties concerning inspection supervision are related to new organization in conducting inspection activities. When comparing the new with previous regulation, certain improvements have been made in relation to adjustment of national with European standards in conducting administrative supervision and decrease of problems arising from fragmentation of conducting inspection supervision. However, certain issues are still open. The latter relate especially to the need of adjustment of scope and intensity of administrative supervision and supervisory authorities with the autonomy of supervised subjects, harmonization between coordination and appropriate intensity of inspection supervision, and better legal regulation in the sense of application of unambiguous legal terminology, quality explanation of legal proposals and efforts to avoid pro forma fulfillment of legal obligations.
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