To increase the effectiveness of recovered acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (rABS) and recycled high impact polystyrene (rHIPS), styrene-butadiene-glycidyl methacrylate (SBG) was incorporated to the ...rABS/rHIPS system by melt blending for the first time. Multiple epoxy groups in SBG can combine with the butadiene ageing groups in rABS/rHIPS to generate ester groups, repairing the broken molecular chains, improving the compatibility between the two phases, and enhancing the mechanical properties of the blends. The findings demonstrated that adding SBG greatly increased the blends' molecular weight, impact strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, storage modulus, loss modulus, and complex viscosity. When SBG content was 8 wt%, the notch impact strength of the blends reached 8.84 kJ/m2, which was 108% higher than that of rABS/rHIPS. In addition, the interface between polybutadiene (PB) phase and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) phase became more blurred, and the compatibility of the two phases was improved, which enabled the high-value recovery of rABS/rHIPS.
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•Recycled acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (rABS) and high impact polystyrene (rHIPS) were blended via twin-screw extrusion.•Styrene-butadiene-glycidyl methacrylate (SBG) served as compatibilizer to enhance the properties of the rABS and rHIPs blend.•"S" styrene and "B" butadiene in SBG in rABS/rHIPS improve the compatibility of blends.•SBG improved blend toughness through butadiene, and connected the broken molecular chains through "G" epoxy groups.•Both carboxyl and hydroxyl groups reacted with epoxy groups to improve the mechanical properties by connecting broken chains.
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology works with specialized 3D printers and production-grade thermoplastics to build robust, durable, and dimensionally stable parts with the best accuracy and ...repeatability of any other available 3D printing technology. FDM is one of the highly used additive manufacturing technology due to its ability to manufacture very complex geometries. However, the critical problems with this technology have been to balance the ability to produce esthetically appealing products with functionality and properties at the lowest cost possible. In this study, three major process parameters such as layer height, raster angle, and infill density have been considered to study their effects on mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) as this material is widely used industrial thermoplastic in FDM technology. The test results show a clear demonstration of the considered factors over the mechanical variables measured. Response surface methodology is used for the validation of the experimental data and the future prediction of the test results. It was found that the optimum parameters for 3D printing using ABS are 80% infill percentage, 0.5 mm layer thickness, and 65° raster angle. The achieved experimental ultimate tensile strength, elastic modulus, yield strength, fracture strain, and toughness (energy absorption) are 31.57 MPa, 774.50 MPa, 19.95 MPa, 0.094 mm/mm, and 2.28 Jm
−3
, respectively. Mathematical equation has been developed using surface response methodology which can be used to predict the ABS tensile properties numerically and also to predict the optimum parameter for ultimate properties.
In this study, an ultra-broadband dielectric-resonator-based absorber for microwave absorption is numerically and experimentally investigated. The designed absorber is made of the carbon-loaded ...Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) polymer and fabricated using the 3D printing technology based on fused deposition modeling with a quite low cost. Profiting from the fundamental dielectric resonator (DR) mode, the higher order DR mode and the grating mode of the dielectric resonator, the absorber shows an absorptivity higher than 90% over the whole ultra-broad operating band from 3.9 to 12 GHz. The relative bandwidth can reach over 100% and cover the whole C-band (4⁻8 GHz) and X-band (8⁻12 GHz). Utilizing the numerical simulation, we have discussed the working principle of the absorber in detail. What is more, the absorption performance under different incident angles is also simulated, and the results indicate that the absorber exhibits a high absorptivity at a wide angle of incidence. The advantages of low cost, ultra-broad operating band and a wide-angle feature make the absorber promising in the areas of microwave measurement, stealth technology and energy harvesting.
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•A multifunctional graphene-based nano-additive (Mo/PN-rGO) has been prepared.•1 wt% of Mo5/PN-rGO increases tensile strength and modulus of ABS by 28% and 58%, respectively.•1 wt% of ...Mo5/PN-rGO increases the initial degradation temperature of ABS by 21 °C.•The addition of Mo5/PN-rGO significantly reduce the ignitability of ABS.•The peak heat release rate and peak smoke production rate are respectively reduced by 51% and 60%.
Despite many important industrial applications, the acrylonitrile–butadienestyrene copolymer (ABS) suffers from an inherent flammability, extremely hampering its practical use. Current flame retardants can effectively reduce the flammability issue but give rise to degraded mechanical and thermal properties of ABS. To address this intractable challenge, a graphene-derived flame retardant (Mo5/PN-rGO) was designed by introducing the functional elements (phosphorus, nitrogen and molybdate) onto the graphene oxides nanosheets. The resultant ABS nanocomposite containing 1.0 wt% of Mo5/PN-rGO exhibits a 28% increase in the tensile strength and a 58% enhancement in the Young’s modulus as compared to the ABS host. Furthermore, the glass transition temperature (Tg) increases by ca. 12 °C while the onset thermal decomposition temperature is significantly delayed by ca. 21 °C. In addition, the final ABS nanomaterial shows a 20% reduction in the total heat release and a 45% decrease in the total smoke production in comparison to the ABS bulk. This work paves a new way for the creation of high-performance flame retardants towards advanced flame-retardant polymer nanocomposites with expandable industrial applications.
•Effect of printing speed is studied on tensile and fracture properties of ABS specimens made by FDM.•Path of crack growth is also analyzed for specimens made by different printing speeds.•Within the ...studied printing speeds, the sample produced with 70 mm/s printing speed shows the best fracture resistance.•This can be attributed to stronger interlayer bonding in these additively manufactured specimens.
The current paper deals with the influence of printing speed on the tensile and fracture strength of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) specimens made by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technique. Four different printing speeds of 10, 30, 50, and 70 mm/s are used to fabricate dog-bone and Semi-Circular Bending (SCB) specimens for examining the mechanical and fracture performance of FDM-ABS parts, respectively. Due to the plastic deformation in the crack tip zone of SCB specimens prior to fracture initiation, the critical value of J-integral is chosen as the fracture characterizing parameter. Therefore, elastic–plastic finite element analyses are performed to calculate the critical values of J-integral (Jc). According to the experimental results, the fabricated specimens with a printing speed of 70 mm/s shows the best performance with the maximum elongation and fracture resistance compared to the other printed specimens with different nozzle speeds. For exploring the failure mechanisms in the tensile specimens Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is utilized and various failure mechanisms have been presented and discussed. These observations are then linked to the tensile and fracture properties of the studied specimens.
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•Torsional behaviour of ABS and its nanocomposites is established.•Rheology is used as a tool to investigate the structure development of ABS nanocomposites.•Effect of nanoclay on ...resilience, toughness and ductility of ABS nanoclay is quantified.•ABS clay nanocomposites is correlated with rheological, mechanical and torsional behaviour.
Torsional and tensile behaviour of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS)-clay nano-composites have been investigated and correlated with morphological and rheological characterisations. Nano-composites of ABS are prepared by melt compounding with different loading levels of nanoclay (Cloisite 30B) in a twin screw extruder and have been characterised in terms of torsional, axial and impact behaviour for their application in external orthotic devices. Tensile stress strain curve of nanocomposites are investigated to quantify resilience, toughness and ductility. Torque values of the nanocomposites are observed under torsion (10°–90°) and compared with that of neat ABS. Performance of ABS under torsional load improved by addition of nanoclay. Both modulus of elasticity and rigidity are found to improve in presence of nanoclay. State of dispersion in nano-composites is investigated using conventional methods such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), as well as by parallel plate rheometry. Addition of clay exhibits shear thinning effect and results in increase in storage modulus as well as complex viscosity of the nanocomposites. Zero shear viscosity rises tenfold with 1–2% addition of nanoclay, indicating the formation of structural network. It is found that state of dispersion of nanoclay governs the torsional and mechanical properties in ABS-clay nanocomposites.
The recent development of the RepRap, an open-source self-replicating rapid prototyper, has made 3-D polymer-based printers readily available to the public at low costs (<$500). The resultant uptake ...of 3-D printing technology enables for the first time mass-scale distributed digital manufacturing. RepRap variants currently fabricate objects primarily from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA), which have melting temperatures low enough to use in melt extrusion outside of a dedicated facility, while high enough for prints to retain their shape at average use temperatures. In order for RepRap printed parts to be useful for engineering applications the mechanical properties of printed parts must be known. This study quantifies the basic tensile strength and elastic modulus of printed components using realistic environmental conditions for standard users of a selection of open-source 3-D printers. The results find average tensile strengths of 28.5 MPa for ABS and 56.6 MPa for PLA with average elastic moduli of 1807 MPa for ABS and 3368 MPa for PLA. It is clear from these results that parts printed from tuned, low-cost, open-source RepRap 3-D printers can be considered as mechanically functional in tensile applications as those from commercial vendors.
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•Open-source self-replicating rapid prototyper, RepRaps are 3-D printers.•Low costs enable mass-scale distributed digital manufacturing in ABS, PLA.•Average tensile strengths of 28.5 MPa for ABS and 56.6 MPa for PLA.•Average elastic moduli of 1807 MPA for ABS and 3368 MPa for PLA.•RepRaps are as mechanically functional as commercial 3-D printers.
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•Multifunctional P/Ni-doped g-C3N4 (Ni-P-C3N4) nanoflakes were synthesized.•Ni-P-C3N4 can be homogeneously dispersed in ABS by simple melt-blending.•Ni-P-C3N4 endowed ABS with ...enhanced thermal stability and mechanical strength.•Ni-P-C3N4 significantly improved the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of ABS.
The ubiquitous application of highly flammable acrylonitrile–butadienestyrene (ABS) resin has brought great fire threat to human and environment. Unfortunately, current flame retardants often improve flame retardancy but reduce mechanical and thermal properties, seriously affecting their practical application. We herein reported novel multifunctional, high-efficiency, phosphorus and nickel co-doped graphitic carbon nitride (Ni-P-C3N4) nanoflakes to address the trade-off between flame retardancy and mechanical/thermal properties. The addition of 2.0wt% of Ni-P-C3N4 increased the initial degradation temperature and tensile strength of ABS composite (ABS/Ni-P-CN2) by 15 °C and 24.3% relative to virgin ABS, indicating its positive effect on thermal and mechanical properties. Compared with ABS, ABS/Ni-P-CN2 exhibited a notable increase in time to ignition, along with 32.4% and 33.8% reductions in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and peak smoke production rate (PSPR), demonstrating excellent anti-ignition, flame-retardant and smoke-suppressive performances. The increased fire safety was mainly due to the physical barrier effect of g-C3N4 nanosheets and the catalytic charring effect of P and Ni. This work offers a novel design strategy to create multifunctional flame retardants for fabricating fire-safe polymer composites with superior thermal and mechanical properties, holding great potential in industries.
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is a multipurpose thermoplastic and the second most popular material in material extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing (AM). It is widely used in various types ...of industrial applications in the automotive sector, housing, and food processing, among others. This work investigates the effect of seven generic control parameters (orientation angle, raster deposition angle, infill density, layer thickness, nozzle temperature, printing speed, and bed temperature) on the performance and the energy consumption of 3D-printed ABS parts in compression loading. Raw material with melt extrusion was formed in a filament form for MEX 3D printing. Samples after the ASTM D695-02a standard were 3D printed, with the seven control parameters, three levels, and five replicas each (135 experiments in total). Results were analyzed with statistical modeling tools regarding the compressive and the energy consumption metrics (printing time, weight, energy printing consumption/EPC, specific printing energy/SPE, specific printing power/SPP, compression strength, compression modulus of elasticity, and toughness). The layer thickness was the most critical control parameter. Nozzle temperature and raster deposition angle were the less critical parameters. This work provides reliable information with great technological and industrial impact.
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