Standard narratives of Native American history view the nineteenth century in terms of steadily declining Indigenous sovereignty, from removal of southeastern tribes to the 1887 General Allotment ...Act. InCrooked Paths to Allotment, C. Joseph Genetin-Pilawa complicates these narratives, focusing on political moments when viable alternatives to federal assimilation policies arose. In these moments, Native American reformers and their white allies challenged coercive practices and offered visions for policies that might have allowed Indigenous nations to adapt at their own pace and on their own terms. Examining the contests over Indian policy from Reconstruction through the Gilded Age, Genetin-Pilawa reveals the contingent state of American settler colonialism.Genetin-Pilawa focuses on reformers and activists, including Tonawanda Seneca Ely S. Parker andCouncil Fireeditor Thomas A. Bland, whose contributions to Indian policy debates have heretofore been underappreciated. He reveals how these men and their allies opposed such policies as forced land allotment, the elimination of traditional cultural practices, mandatory boarding school education for Indian youth, and compulsory participation in the market economy. Although the mainstream supporters of assimilation successfully repressed these efforts, the ideas and policy frameworks they espoused established a tradition of dissent against disruptive colonial governance.
Blood Will Tellreveals the underlying centrality of "blood" that shaped official ideas about who was eligible to be defined as Indian by the General Allotment Act in the United States. Katherine ...Ellinghaus traces the idea of blood quantum and how the concept came to dominate Native identity and national status between 1887 and 1934 and how related exclusionary policies functioned to dispossess Native people of their land. The U.S. government's unspoken assumption at the time was that Natives of mixed descent were undeserving of tribal status and benefits, notwithstanding that Native Americans of mixed descent played crucial roles in the national implementation of allotment policy.Ellinghaus explores on-the-ground case studies of Anishinaabeg, Arapahos, Cherokees, Eastern Cherokees, Cheyennes, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, Lakotas, Lumbees, Ojibwes, Seminoles, and Virginia tribes. Documented in these cases, the history of blood quantum as a policy reveals assimilation's implications and legacy. The role of blood quantum is integral to understanding how Native Americans came to be one of the most disadvantaged groups in the United States, and it remains a significant part of present-day debates about Indian identity and tribal membership.Blood Will Tellis an important and timely contribution to current political and scholarly debates.
Cultivating thirdspace Pilflod Larsson, Emelie; Giritli Nygren, Katarina
Landscape and urban planning,
03/2024, Volume:
243
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Over the past 15 years, there has been an increased interest in urban gardening. Queues for getting a gardening spot have grown, as many urban citizens seek a spot to cultivate vegetables, and ...studies have stressed how urban gardens can be one ingredient in creating more sustainable cities. Following the work of urban theorists Henry Lefebvre and Edward Soja, this study explores urban gardens as thirdspaces. Interviewing allotment gardeners and community gardeners in small Swedish cities, we explore allotments as ‘lived places’, where experiences, meanings and a sense of place are developed. Thirdspace suggests us to think beyond binary constructions of space and analysing narratives of urban gardening through that lens shows that allotment spots can be understood as places where certain dualisms have, if not a transgressed, at least a more flexible and expansive logic. The result illuminates how allotment gardens are a kind of nature-human crossing point and a practice connecting city residents with countryside life and non-landowners with the land.
During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the federal government sought to forcibly assimilate Native Americans into American society through systematized land allotment. InSustaining ...the Cherokee Family, Rose Stremlau illuminates the impact of this policy on the Cherokee Nation, particularly within individual families and communities in modern-day northeastern Oklahoma.Emphasizing Cherokee agency, Stremlau reveals that Cherokee families' organization, cultural values, and social and economic practices allowed them to adapt to private land ownership by incorporating elements of the new system into existing domestic and community-based economies. Drawing on evidence from a range of sources, including Cherokee and United States censuses, federal and tribal records, local newspapers, maps, county probate records, family histories, and contemporary oral histories, Stremlau demonstrates that Cherokee management of land perpetuated the values and behaviors associated with their sense of kinship, therefore uniting extended families. And, although the loss of access to land and communal resources slowly impoverished the region, it reinforced the Cherokees' interdependence. Stremlau argues that the persistence of extended family bonds allowed indigenous communities to retain a collective focus and resist aspects of federal assimilation policy during a period of great social upheaval.
In this paper, we study the dynamic capacity allocation problem of an airline using allotment contracts among travel agencies. The capacity allocation problem is formulated as a dynamic programming ...model where the initial fixed allotment is determined on the basis of a contract between agencies and the airline while the variable allotment is distributed over the planning horizon. We develop approximation methods based on linear programming and Lagrangian relaxation to solve the underlying dynamic programming model. The computational experiments are designed to illustrate the performance of the proposed approaches using real data. The numerical results show that the capacity allotment policy in terms of fixed and variable allotments is significantly affected by price and demand patterns. Even though fixed allotments can provide a cushion against the loss due to potential empty seats, they may not be in the best interest of the airline. Moreover, the booking rules and the airline’s capacity allocation strategy have an impact on the airline’s revenue and the agency’s profit.
•A dynamic capacity allotment problem of airlines using travel agencies is studied.•Stochastic dynamic programming is used to formulate the problem.•Decomposition-based approximation methods are developed.•Computational studies show benefits of fixed and variable allotment capacities.
The study aims to gain an insight into current trends in the use of four selected allotment gardens (rodzinne ogrody działkowe – RODs) in Warsaw (Poland): ROD ‘Pratulińska’, ROD ‘Obrońców Pokoju’, ...ROD ‘Kolejarz’ and ROD ‘Zelmot’. The main method used in the research was a survey of plot holders (structured interviews, n = 210). The findings suggest that holders are mainly older, retired people, but the number of younger plot holders has been increasing in recent years. Most live on huge estates in close proximity to the allotment gardens. The main motivations for having a plot are relaxation, gardening as a hobby and connection with the natural environment. Food production itself was not mentioned as a prior motivation. The meaning of having a plot corresponds with motivations. Some plot holders emphasize having their own, private place (a kind of second home, refuge, respite from city life). Most of the respondents have positive opinions regarding opening allotment gardens to local communities, although they are not very eager to participate in integrational events and activities organized by the Polish Association of Allotment Gardens (PZD) or others. The findings are in line with global trends presented in research exploring allotment garden recreational space in Poland and abroad.
Allotment gardening in Europe, including in Poland, is a century-long tradition that has been cultivated by each new generation. The idea derived from the rapid industrialization of large cities and ...is currently gaining new meaning. Apart from the economic and recreational roles played by allotment gardens (AGs), emphasis is increasingly being placed on their function as community, social, ecological and even creative and entertainment spaces. AGs constitute an important place for inhabitants of cities to spend their free time. Hence, it has been postulated more and more often that AGs should be preserved as productive and ‘living’ spaces for leisure and social integration. The numerous initiatives of the Polish Allotment Association, whose aim is to protect AGs against liquidation, and to be used for public and non-public purposes, include the Open Social Programme of Allotment Gardens Development. Through pro-social, innovative activity, the programme helps to redefine and change the perception of AGs in Poland as well as contribute to their infrastructural development.
Contribution of Agriculture to Health Promotion SOGA, Masashi; KURISU, Kiyo; TSUCHIYA, Kazuaki ...
Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology,
2022/11/30, 2022-11-30, Volume:
68, Issue:
Supplement
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Agriculture has been an important source of the human diet throughout human history, but its relationship with human societies has transformed over the long course of more than 10,000 y. Urbanization ...and agricultural commercialization are significant among such changes and wield considerable impact on human diets, nutrition, and health. This paper presents four studies examining the influence of agriculture on diet and general health: 1) the impact of urban allotment gardening on human health and wellbeing in Japan, 2) the preference of people in Japan for collaborations between citizens’ farms and food-support organizations 3) the linkages between dietary diversity and agriculture in Indonesia, and 4) food sources and child nutrition in the deforested frontiers of Cambodia.
Family Allotment Gardens (AG) are a place of rest and recreation for residents of mainly large cities. The COVID-19 pandemic, which started in China in January 2020, launched a major crisis affecting ...various types of human activity, including tourism and hospitality, and limited travel opportunities. For many people, especially the poorer and professionally inactive ones (including retirees and pensioners), activities on plots of Family Allotment Gardens have become the only form of active recreation. On November 5, 2020, on the official website of the international organization Office International du Coin de Terre et des Jardins Familiaux, operating since 1926, representing national organizations and associations of gardeners from 14 European countries, the following information was published: “The pandemic has confirmed it: allotment gardens are more important than ever”. This article is an attempt to verify this thesis by answering the question: If and to what extent did the COVID-19 pandemic influence the behavior and recreation of allotment garden users? This was verified by a questionnaire survey conducted among users of two gardens located in the western part of the suburban area of Łódź. The analysis showed that the COVID-19 pandemic affected the behavior and rest of allotment garden users; however, the impact in the case of the studied gardens was not as large as could be expected.
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