Tunisians are striving for the opportunity to realize their potential and aspirations in a country that is rich in both human and physical capital, but whose recent economic growth has failed to ...create enough opportunities in the form of good and productive jobs. This report highlights the main barriers that hinder the Tunisian labor market from providing income, protection, and prosperity to its citizens and proposes a set of labor policies that could facilitate the creation of better, more inclusive, and more productive jobs. The weak economic performance and insufficient and low-quality job creation in Tunisia is primarily the result of an economic environment permeated by distortions, barriers to competition, and excessive red tape, including in the labor market. This has resulted in the creation of a insufficient number of jobs, especially in the formal sector. To change this situation, policy makers need to address five strategic directives that can promote long-term inclusive growth and formality: foster competition; realign incentives, pay, and benefit packages in the public sector; move toward labor regulations that promote labor mobility and provide support to workers in periods of transition; enhance the productivity of informal workers through training and skills building; and reform existing social insurance systems and introduce new instruments to attain broader coverage.
This paper examines labor market outcomes in Armenia and their impact on poverty. The outcomes are of considerable concern: relatively few persons of working age are employed, and many of those who ...are employed have low-productivity jobs. The problem is not only high unemployment, but also low labor force participation. The main factor behind the low employment/population ratio is weak labor demand and the scarcity of productive job opportunities. This paper begins in section one by discussing the main labor market challenges in Armenia, before focusing on unemployment in section two. Section three analyzes the nature of employment and jobs, while section four examines wage determination and structure. Section five then evaluates the relationship between individuals' and households' labor market status and poverty. Finally, section six concludes with policy implications of the analysis. In order to reach the 60 percent employment rate Armenia would need to create an additional 166,000 jobs. This will lead to a 14 percent increase in employment, and to some decrease in unemployment. More jobs need to be created to absorb the growing labor surplus. This implies growing unemployment and a decline in the already low employment rate. Accelerating the pace of job creation is thus one of the main social challenges facing policymakers in Armenia. Furthermore, it is important that in the longer term, wage growth does not exceed labor productivity growth. Otherwise, competitiveness of the Armenian economy could suffer due to a growth in the unit labor cost, which in turn, can have a detrimental effect on job creation.
This report describes labor practices in the Lao garments export sector as seen by both management and labor. The main objective of this report is to present the differing perspectives on working ...conditions between managers and workers, and to explore ways in which the Lao garment sector could break out of this unsustainable situation. More specifically, insights on management practices, working conditions and worker motivation, as well as industry technology and workflow practices, are drawn from the survey and recommendations made on what firms, industry, government and development partners can do to boost productivity in the sector. This study seeks to investigate further possible factors contributing to low-productivity including management practices, working conditions and worker motivation, as well as industry technology and workflow practices. In order for the garment sector to progress, this study points to possibilities to increase worker wellbeing, reduce turnover and improve productivity through mutually reinforcing actions. Possible interventions include: a transition support program and improved labor market information systems to support labor force entry; better worker representation and dispute resolution mechanisms; and, a factories improvement program that would include monitoring/certification systems to provide incentives for firms to improve conditions as a means of accessing elusive premium buyers.
This paper analyzes how the employment/productivity profile of growth and its sectoral pattern are correlated with poverty reduction. The authors use a sample of 104 short-run growth spells in ...developing countries, between 1980 and 2001. They also identify some conditions of the labor market and the economic environment that are associated with employment-intensive growth or specific sectoral growth. The results show that, in the short run, although the aggregate employment-rate intensity of growth does not matter for poverty reduction any more than the aggregate productivity intensity of growth, the sectoral pattern of employment growth and productivity growth is important. Employment-intensive growth in the secondary sector is associated with decreases in poverty, while employment-intensive growth in agriculture is correlated with poverty increases. Similarly, productivity-intensive growth in agriculture is associated with decreases in poverty. Although the study does not address causality, coincidence of these phenomena in this large sample of heterogeneous countries and periods suggests that, in the short run, the sectoral productivity and employment pattern of growth may have important implications for poverty alleviation. Therefore, policies for reducing poverty should not overlook the sectoral productivity and employment implications of different growth policies.
fyysinen kuvaus: vaaka
sisällön kuvaus: Lomaliitto meni konkurssiin vuonna 2009
sisällön kuvaus: Lomapaikka sijaitsee Mussalontien varrella Kotkassa
mustavalkoinen
physical description: balance
...Content description: The Lombard League went bankrupt in 2009
Content description: The resort is located on the Mussalontie in Kotka
black and white
fyysinen kuvaus: vaaka
sisällön kuvaus: Lomaliitto meni konkurssiin vuonna 2009
mustavalkoinen
physical description: balance
Content description: The Lombard League went bankrupt in 2009
black and ...white
fyysinen kuvaus: vaaka
sisällön kuvaus: Lomaliitto meni konkurssiin vuonna 2009
sisällön kuvaus: Lomapaikka sijaitsee Mussalontien varrella Kotkassa
mustavalkoinen
physical description: balance
...Content description: The Lombard League went bankrupt in 2009
Content description: The resort is located on the Mussalontie in Kotka
black and white
fyysinen kuvaus: pysty
sisällön kuvaus: Lomaliitto meni konkurssiin vuonna 2009
mustavalkoinen
physical description
Content description: The Lombard League went bankrupt in 2009
black and white
physical description: balance
Content description: The Lombard League went bankrupt in 2009
black and white
fyysinen kuvaus: vaaka
sisällön kuvaus: Lomaliitto meni konkurssiin vuonna 2009
...mustavalkoinen
physical description: balance
Content description: The Lombard League went bankrupt in 2009
black and white
fyysinen kuvaus: vaaka
sisällön kuvaus: Lomaliitto meni konkurssiin vuonna 2009
...mustavalkoinen
