Summary
The quality of essential oils (EOs) was dependent on the optimised methods of drying. The highest yield of EOs was noted in plants elicited with 0.1% yeast extract (YE) and dried with the ...traditional method (1.4 mL 100 g dw−1); it was over twice as high as the yield of the control sample (0.58 mL 100 g dw−1). (Z)‐ligustilide, α‐terpinyl acetate and β‐phellandrene were the main compounds identified in the samples. The most effective antioxidant activity was exhibited by the sample obtained from plants elicited with 0.1% YE and subjected to freeze‐drying. The highest RP and LPO inhibition were determined in samples obtained from plants subjected to jasmonic acid (JA) elicitation and freeze‐drying (1.85 and 1.02 μL mL−1 respectively). The use of 0.1% JA and microwave‐drying was the most effective for inhibition of LOXI activity. The highest acetylcholinesterase inhibition was noted in the freeze‐dried sample obtained from plants elicited with YE (86.39 kIU mL−1). The samples exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes BBA‐2660.
Graphic diagram of the experiment.
Stem‐leaf saponins (SLSs), the total saponins from aerial part of P. notoginseng, are by‐products of notoginseng, a famous traditional Chinese medicine. SLSs have been used as a health functional ...food in China, but its mild effects limited clinical applications in diseases. Inspired by steaming of notoginseng to enhance its pharmacological activity, a steaming protocol was developed to treat SLSs. SLSs were steamed at 100, 120, and 140°C for 1, 2, 3, and 4 h, respectively. The ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight MS and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry were applied to analyze the dynamic changes in chemical compositions. The anti‐acetylcholinesterase activity of steamed SLS were assessed in vitro by directly determining the metabolic product of acetylcholine/choline. The components of SLSs were significantly changed by steaming. A total of 117 saponins and aglycones were characterized, and 35 of them were newly generated. The anti‐acetylcholinesterase activity of steamed SLSs gradually increased with the extension of steamed time and the increase of steamed temperature and reached the maximum after 140°C for 3 h. Furthermore, ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5, the main components of steamed SLSs, showed dose‐dependent anti‐acetylcholinesterase activities with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 26.88 ± 0.53 μm and 22.41 ± 1.31 μm that were only 1.8‐ and 1.5‐fold higher than that of donepezil with IC50 values of 14.93 ± 4.17 μM, respectively.
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•Four new palladium complexes, (DTCs)(PAr3)PdCl, have been synthesized and characterized.•In vitro anticancer activity revealed their better anticancer potential.•They have good ...antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities.•They have the potential to be used for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
Four new (DTCs)(PAr3)PdCl complexes have been synthesized, where DTCs = sodium 4-diphenylmethylpiperazine-1-carbodithioate(1), sodium4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-1-carbodithioate (2), sodium4-(2-pyrimidyl)piperazine-1-carbodithioate (3, 4); ArR3 = diphenyl-p-tolylphosphine (1, 2), 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (3). These complexes have been characterized by CHNS analysis, FT-IR, NMR {1H, 13C and 31P}, and X-ray crystallography (for complex 1 and 2). Single crystal analysis revealed that the Pd is chelated by dithiocarbamate ligand forming a four-membered chelate ring, whereas PAr3 and Cl are coordinated in monodentate fashion. The Hirshfeld Surface and Fingerprint analysis have been used to investigate the intermolecular interactions and molecular shape of crystal structures (1&2), respectively. The anticancer activities of (1–4) were evaluated using Staurosporine as a standard against various human cancer cell lines, i.e. LU, MCF7, Hepa-IcIc-7, PC-3, and MDA-MB-231. The compound 3 was found to be the most active against the tested cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 0.9 ± 0.2–18.3–3.0 µM owing to its cationic nature that facilitates safe carriage thus causing electrostatic interaction with the negatively charged DNA. The highest antioxidant activity is shown by compound 3 against DPPH used as a free radical. Furthermore, all the complexes (1–4) caused a mixed type of inhibition against acetylcholinesterase. Thus, these compounds represent a class of potential therapeutic agents and can be used for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
This study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase (anti-AChE) activities of methanolic extracts of H. neurocalycinum and H. malatyanum, two ...endemic species of the Turkish flora. HPLC-DAD analysis indicated that two naphthodianthrones (pseudohypericin and hypericin) together with chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, kaempferol, quercitrin, quercetin, amentoflavone and hyperforin are the main compounds present in the methanol extracts. The extracts were tested in vitro for their antioxidant activities including, inhibition of lipid peroxidation in liposomes, induced by Fe3+/ascorbate system, scavenging effect on DPPH and superoxide anion radicals, and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). H. neurocalycinum demonstrated stronger antioxidant properties than H. malatyanum due to higher activity on scavenging DPPH (EC50=2.49±0.09mg/mL) and superoxide anion radicals (EC50=0.613±0.05mg mg/mL), and inhibition of lipid peroxidation (EC50=2.49±0.09mg/mL). This difference in activity seems to be due to the presence of higher amounts of the antioxidant compounds (flavonoids) such as rutin, quercetin and kaempferol in H. neurocalycinum extract. The antioxidant activities of the extract may be attributed to their reducing capabilities. At 5mg/mL H. neurocalycinum (FRAP value=2.39±0.039mM Fe2+) and H. malatyanum (FRAP value=2.23±0.013mM Fe2+) showed high ability to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+. The extracts were tested also for their in vitro AChE inhibitory activities. H. neurocalycinum inhibited 72.24±0.39% of AChE activity at a concentration of 5mg/mL. It was concluded that H. neurocalycinum is more effective AChE inhibitor and antioxidant than H. malatyanum.
•Hypericum species are commercial and medicinal plants.•Hypericum perforatum extracts have been used in the folk medicine.•This is the first report about these endemic Hypericum species from Turkey.
•Rosa dumalis, R. dumetorum and R. sempervirens hips were subject of this study.•Study included fresh and air-dried rose hips, purée and jam of each species.•Phenolic profile and ascorbic acid ...content were investigated.•Antioxidant activity was determined using six in vitro assays.•Anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities were examined.
The aim of the present study was investigation of the phenolic profile, ascorbic acid content, antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity of rose hips and the preserves (purée and jam) of three insufficiently examined Rosa species: Rosa dumalis Bechst., R. dumetorum Thuill. and R. sempervirens L. The liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis resulted in quantification of 14 of the 45 phenolic compounds examined, with ellagic acid as the most dominant. Notable antioxidant activity of all three species was confirmed through several assays. Moderate inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by extracts of all investigated Rosa species was observed. Several extracts of examined Rosa species demonstrated inhibition potency towards production of some monitored eicosanoids in cyclooxygenase-1 and 12-lipoxygenase pathways. Two R. sempervirens extracts exerted cytotoxic activity against HeLa and HT-29 cell lines, but were inactive towards MRC-5 and MCF7. The results support the potential of these rose hips as food with health-promoting properties.
Betanin, a natural food color and the only betalain, is approved for use in pharmaceutical and food industries as natural antioxidative and preservative agent, respectively. However, the antioxidant ...power and health-promoting properties of betanin have been disregarded due to its low stability in physiological conditions. Therefore, this study is designed to synthesize and evaluate in vitro pharmacological characteristics of betanin-encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles (ChBetNPs). ChBetNPs were synthesized by ionic gelation method and characterized by DLS, UV, FTIR, SEM and zeta potential analysis. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) and in vitro release kinetics were analyzed using spectrophotometric technique for quantifying the encapsulated amount of betanin in ChBetNPs as a function of time. The antioxidant activity of ChBetNPs was analyzed by DPPH and H2O2 radical scavenging assays, anti-inflammatory activity by protein denaturation and human RBCs stabilization assays, and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity using standard protocol with minor modifications. Unloaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) were found to be sized at 161.4 ± 5.75 nm while an increase in the size to 270.3 ± 8.50 nm was noticed upon encapsulating betanin. EE of ChBetNPs was measured to be ∼87.5%. The IC50 of ChBetNPs depicted significant free radical scavenging activities as compared to CSNPs. Similarly, a strong anti-inflammatory activity of ChBetNPs was noted. Significant decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity by ChBetNPs was measured (IC50 0.5255 μg/mL vs. control 26.09 μg/mL). The vegetables coated with 3% ChBetNPs showed decreased weight loss as compared to uncoated control. ChBetNPs was shown to exhibit strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities thus making it a significant therapeutic agent for the management of Alzheimer's disease.
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•Synthesis of chitosan (CSNPs) and betanin encapsulated nanoparticles (ChBetNPs).•Characterization of CSNPs and ChBetNPs via DLS, Zetasizer, SEM, FTIR techniques.•Anomalous drug release pattern by diffusion is analyzed by release kinetic models.•Significant multitarget pharmacological activities including AD by ChBetNPs.
Objective: As part of our ongoing search for bioactive secondary metabolites, the Beibu Gulf soft coral-derived fungus Aspergillus sydowii SCSIO41203 was investigated, which led to the isolation of ...15 compounds. Methods: These compounds were purified by chromatographic methods, including normal phase silica gel column chromatography, octadecylsilyl column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry and compared their data with those related metabolites in the literature. Results: The structures of 1 to 15 were identified as expansol F (1), expansol C (2), expansol D (3), (Z)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(6′-methylhept-2′-en-2′-yl)phenol (4), (E)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(6′-methylhept-2′-en-2′-yl)phenol (5), sydonol (6), (-)-(7R,10S)-10-hydroxysydowic acid (7), (-)-(7R,10R)-iso-10-hydroxysydowic acid (8), sydowic acid (9), 1-hydroxyboivinianin A (10), (+)-sydonic acid (11), 3-hydroxydiorcinol (12), cordyol C (13), (R)-mevalonolactone (14), and 4-methyl-5,6-dihydropyren-2-one (15). These isolated compounds were evaluated for antibacterial, cytotoxic, and enzyme-inhibitory activities. Among them, compounds 1 to 3 and 13 showed moderate acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 3.9, 33.8, 11.5, and 19.8 μM, respectively, with the positive control (tacrine) of 0.5 μM.
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease, is the most common form of dementia. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a common strategy for the treatment of AD. In this study, ...aqueous, hydro-methanolic, and methanolic extracts of five potent herbal extracts were tested for their in vitro anti-AChE activity. Among all, the
(Giloy) methanolic fraction performed better with an IC
of 202.64 µg/mL. Of the HPLC analyzed components of
(methanolic extract), palmatine and berberine performed better (IC
0.66 and 0.94 µg/mL, respectively) as compared to gallic acid and the tool compound "galantamine hydrobromide" (IC
7.89 and 1.45 µg/mL, respectively). Mode of inhibition of palmatine and berberine was non-competitive, while the mode was competitive for the tool compound. Combinations of individual alkaloids palmatine and berberine resulted in a synergistic effect for AChE inhibition. Therefore, the AChE inhibition by the methanolic extract of
was probably due to the synergism of the isoquinoline alkaloids. Upon molecular docking, it was observed that palmatine and berberine preferred the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE, with π-interactions to PAS residue Trp286, indicating that it may hinder the substrate binding by partially blocking the entrance of the gorge of the active site or the product release.
One new fawcettimine-type alkaloid (1), one new miscellaneous-type alkaloid (2), four new lycodine-type alkaloids (3-6), and eight known ones (7-14) were isolated from the whole plants of Huperzia ...serrata. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated based on spectroscopic data, X-ray diffraction, ECD calculation and Mosher's method. Compound 1 was a rare C18N2-type Lycopodium alkaloid, possessing serratinine skeleton with an amide side chain in C-5. The absolute configuration of the 18-OH of compounds 4-6 were first determined by Mosher's method. Moreover, compounds 1-14 were assayed anti-acetylcholinesterase effect in vitro, and compound 7 showed significant anti-acetylcholinesterase activity with an IC50 value of 16.18 ± 1.64 μM.
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•Three pairs of indolediketopiperazine enantiomers were isolated from A. luteoalbus.•All of the isolated compounds contain an infrequent N-methoxy group.•Compound (+)-1 showed better ...anti-AChE activity than that of the enantiomer (–)-1.
Three pairs of new N-methoxy-containing indolediketopiperazine enantiomers, acrozines A–C (1–3), were isolated from the culture extract of Acrostalagmus luteoalbus TK-43, an endophytic fungus obtained from the marine green alga Codium fragile. The optical resolution of compounds 1–3 by chiral HPLC successfully afforded individual enantiomers (+)-1/(–)-1, (+)-2/(–)-2, and (+)-3/(–)-3, respectively. The structures of all these compounds were established on the basis of detailed interpretation of their NMR and mass spectroscopic data. X-ray crystallographic analysis confirmed the structures of compounds 1–3, while the absolute configurations were determined by TDDFT-ECD calculations. All these compounds containing a N-methoxy group which is uncommon in indolediketopiperazines. The enantiomers, (+)-2/(–)-2, showed different antimicrobial activities against several plant-pathogenic fungi, while (+)-1 displayed better inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase than that of (–)-1.
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