Numerous studies have recently reported on the discovery of bee viruses in different arthropod species and their possible transmission routes, vastly increasing our understanding of these viruses and ...their distribution. Here, we review the current literature on the recent advances in understanding the transmission of viruses, both on the presence of bee viruses in Apis and non-Apis bee species and on the discovery of previously unknown bee viruses. The natural transmission of bee viruses will be discussed among different bee species and other insects. Finally, the research potential of in vivo (host organisms) and in vitro (cell lines) serial passages of bee viruses is discussed, from the perspective of the host-virus landscape changes and potential transmission routes for emerging bee virus infections.
•In this study, natural garlic essential oil was used to prevent Eimeria tenella infection. The 1-day-old Nongda No. 3 diet saving egg chicks were fed with natural garlic essential oil for 22 days to ...observe its anti coccidia effect.•The results showed continuous feeding of different doses of natural garlic essential oil could significantly reduce the clinical symptoms, cecal lesions, the number of oocysts, but increase the weight of sick chickens, and effectively improve the intestinal functions.•Adding 0.06 ml / L natural garlic essential oil to drinking water can effectively reduce the excretion of oocysts, promote the secretion of immunoglobulin and the production and utilization of protein, improve the immune ability of laying hens, and have anti coccidia effect. It is recommended to be applied in clinical production.•The anti-coccidiosis effects was similar to that observed with diclazuril administration. To a certain extent, garlic essential oil could act as a possible replacement of antibiotics to control Eimeria tenella. At the same time, it is also necessary to develop proper dosage and ways to formulate garlic essential oil into a new, valuable and harmless pharmacological agent for both the disease prevention and treatment.
Chicken coccidiosis is a kind of parasitic protozoosis caused by Eimeria parasitizing in the chicken intestinal epithelial cells. Eimeria tenella is considered as a significantly virulent and harmful parasite. At present, drug resistance remains a major problem and a large number of drug residues have been found to be produced in the treatment of the disease. Hence, novel strategies are needed to avoid the harmful effects caused by the generation of various chemical drug residues to the human body and also reduce the economic loss caused by coccidiosis to the chicken industry. In this study, natural garlic essential oil was used to control Eimeria tenella infection. The anticoccidial index (ACI) was calculated according to the clinical symptoms, body weight gain, oocyst excretion and cecal lesions. The immune organ index and serum biochemical indexes were measured to verify the possible anticoccidial effects. The results showed that: compared with the infected group, continuous feeding of different doses of natural garlic essential oil could significantly reduce the clinical symptoms, cecal lesions, the number of oocysts, but increase the weight of sick chickens, and effectively improve the intestinal functions. Moreover, compared with diclazuril control group, 0.06 mL/L garlic essential oil exhibited similar anticoccidial index. The content of immune organ index, serum biochemical index IgM, IgG and IgA in 0.06 mL/L garlic essential oil group was the highest, which indicated that garlic essential oil had a significant tendency to improve the immune function of the chickens. This study also showed that the natural garlic essential oil exhibited the same beneficial effects as that of diclazuril on chicken coccidiosis, and the anti-coccidiosis index of 0.06 mL/L garlic essential oil was favorable. Thus based on the above evidences and its relatively low cost, garlic essential oil can be potentially be used as an efficient anti parasitic drug.
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•Resistance against Haemonchus contortus was assessed in a Morada Nova flock.•More than 88% of the lambs had PCV≥24% even with high fecal egg counts (FEC).•Only susceptible lambs had ...decreased live weight due to parasitism.•More than 98% of the ewes had FEC below 4000 EPG.•PCV of the ewes was not affected by H. contortus infection.
Morada Nova is a Brazilian hair sheep breed that is well adapted to the country’s mainly tropical climate and has good potential for meat and leather production. This breed is reported to be resistant to Haemonchus contortus infection, a highly desired characteristic due to the large impact of this parasite on sheep farming. Therefore, the present study aimed to characterize 287 recently weaned Morada Nova lambs and 123 ewes in relation to their resistance against H. contortus. The animals were dewormed and 15 days later artificially infected with 4000 H. contortus L3 (D0). They were individually monitored by periodic assessment of fecal egg count (FEC), packed cell volume (PCV), and live weight (LW). On D42, the sheep were again dewormed and submitted to a new parasitic challenge, following the same scheme. The animals of each category (lambs and ewes) were ranked according to individual mean FEC values, and classified as resistant (R, 20%), intermediate (I, 60%), or susceptible (S, 20%) to H. contortus infection. At weaning, high FEC were observed in all three phenotypes (P>0.05). After the artificial infections, there was a significant difference (P<0.05) among the three lamb phenotypes for the mean FEC (R<I < S), PCV (R>I > S), and LW (R=I > S). The infection levels (FEC) were negatively correlated with PCV (r = -0.66; P<0.001), and LW (r = -0.30; P<0.001). Despite this, the lambs were resilient, since more than 88% of these animals maintained the PCV above 24%, even when heavily infected. The importance of selective parasite control before weaning to reduce the negative impact on slaughter weight was evidenced, taking into account the high positive correlation between LW at weaning and final LW (r=0.73; P<0.001). The ewes, in turn, were strongly resistant to the parasite. Despite highly significant differences (P<0.001) for mean FEC between phenotypes (R<I < S), 98% of the ewes maintained FEC below 4000 EPG. Their health was not affected, since PCV and LW did not differ between phenotypes, and these parameters were not significantly correlated with FEC (P>0.05). With the phenotypic characterization performed here, it is possible to introduce procedures for parasite control in Morada Nova flocks, facilitating the target-selective treatment approach. The results of this study can also support improvement of meat production by the Morada Nova breed.
Lam, commonly known as Agarwood, is a highly valuable species used in production of agar oil from its infected wood, which is utilized in pharmaceutical and perfumery industry. Agar oil formation in ...agarwood takes years through the natural process which is induced by natural or artificial injury or microbial infection. The role of soil fungi and bacteria in artificial induction is still an unexplored area. In the present study, we isolated the fungal and bacterial community residing inside the stem of
tree and circumventing soil, samples collected from 21 different sites of the north-eastern state Assam of India and explored their potential in induction of Agarospirol (2-(6,10-Dimethylspiro4,5dec-6-en-2-yl)-2-propanol) production by artificially infecting the trees with these microorganisms. A total 340 fungi and 131 bacteria were isolated from 50 stem samples, and 188 fungi and 148 bacteria were isolated from 50 soil samples. Highest Shannon (
' = 2.43) and Fisher (α = 5.57) diversity index was observed in the stem isolates. The dominant fungal genus was
in stem with
value of 0.18; while in soil,
showed dominance with
value 0.73. In bacteria,
genera showed dominance in both stem and soil samples with
= 0.62 and 0.51, respectively. Forty fungal and bacterial isolates were used to assess their potential to induce formation of agarwood in
by artificial infection method. Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis confirmed development of Agarwood by the presence of Agarospirol compound in samples collected after 3 months of the artificial infection. Only 31% of bacterial and 23% of fungal isolates showed their ability in production of Agarospirol by artificial infection method. Bacteria
and fungi
showed the highest production in comparison to other isolates.
Antibiotic treatment has been used to enhance anopheline susceptibility to
Plasmodium
infection, because bacterial microbiota play a fundamental role in modulating the vector competence of mosquitoes ...that transmit
Plasmodium
parasites. However, few studies have examined the impact of antibiotic treatments on
Plasmodium vivax
sporogonic development in neotropical anopheline mosquitoes. Herein, we assessed the impact of antibiotic treatment on
P. vivax
development and survival in
Anopheles darlingi
, the main vector of malaria in the Amazon region. Female mosquitoes were treated continuously with antibiotics to impact the gut bacterial load and then tested for prevalence, infection intensity, and survival in comparison with untreated mosquitoes. Antibiotic-fed mosquitoes had not dramatic impact on
P. vivax
development previously observed in
P. falciparum
. However, antibiotic treatment increases mosquito survival, which is known to increase vectorial capacity. These findings raise questions about the effect of antibiotics on
P. vivax
development and survival in
An. darlingi
.
Vibrio harveyi is one of the most serious bacterial pathogens to aquatic animals worldwide. Evidence is mounting that coinfections caused by multiple pathogens are common in nature and can alter the ...severity of diseases in marine animals. However, bacterial coinfections involving V. harveyi have received little attention in mariculture. In this study, the results of pathogen isolation indicated that bacterial coinfection was a common and overlooked risk for hybrid groupers (♀ Epinephelus polyphekadion × ♂ E. fuscoguttatus) reared in an industrialized flow-through pattern in Hainan Province. The artificial infection in hybrid groupers revealed that coinfections with V. harveyi strain GDH11385 (a serious lethal causative agent to groupers) and other isolated pathogens resulted in higher mortality (46.67%) than infection with strain GDH11385 alone (33.33%), whereas no mortality was observed in single infection with other pathogens. Furthermore, the intestine, liver and spleen of hybrid groupers are target organs for bacterial coinfections involving V. harveyi. Based on the infection patterns found in this study, we propose that V. harveyi may have a specific spatiotemporal expression pattern of virulence genes when infecting the host. Taken together, bacterial coinfection with V. harveyi is a neglected high-risk lethal causative agent to hybrid groupers in the industrialized flow-through aquaculture systems in Hainan Province.
The studies were carried out in laboratory and field conditions. From the infected corn plants, 25 isolates of Fusarium fungi were isolated into a pure culture. By seed bioassay, it was deter-mined ...that 56% of the isolated Fusarium fungi are pathogenic for maize. We determined the effective-ness of fungal biological products in inhibiting the development of root rot of corn seedlings in condi-tions of hard infectious background. The effectiveness of the biological product Trichodermin-SC was 40,3% in the suppression of the pathogen F.verticillioides and 56,6% in the suppression of the pathogen F.graminearum. The effectiveness of the biological product Gliocladin-SC was 38,4% and 43,4%, re-spectively. The effect of presowing treatment of seeds with the biological preparations Trichodermin-SC, Gliocladin-SC and Paurin on the indicators of biological yield components of sugar corn hybrids (Porumbeni-280 and Porumbeni-402) for the production of flour was determined in field experiments. Biological products increased the length of the cobs by 3,8-12,5%, the weight of 1000 seeds – by 3,8-20,6%, the weight of seeds per cob – by 1,4-16%, the grain yield – by 1,4-14,9%.
The market for Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) is expanding as global consumption increases. Meeting this demand has led to overfishing and consequent depletion of wild populations, ...resulting in a focus on aquaculture as an alternative to fishing. However, under the crowded conditions typical of tuna aquaculture settings, infectious diseases are a common problem associated with considerable economic losses, especially with regard to Pacific bluefin tuna, which is a high-priced species. Studying diseases in Pacific bluefin tuna requires techniques that enable experimental infection; however, no promising methods are available due to the difficulty of handling these fish, including transportation, retention, and injection. In the present study, therefore, we developed a method for experimental infection of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna with red seabream iridovirus (RSIV), which causes an acute and highly contagious disease in this species. The route of experimental infection was validated using Pacific bluefin tuna and greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili), which is used as a model species susceptible to the disease. Oral infection with the virus was found to be suitable for reproducing red seabream iridoviral disease (RSIVD). A high copy number of the RSIV genome was detected in Pacific bluefin tuna that died following RSIV experimental infection, indicating that the virus efficiently replicated in the infected fish. In addition to virus detection, a histopathologic abnormality specific to RSIV infection was detected in the infected fish. These results indicate that experimental infection via the oral route is effective for reproducing RSIVD in Pacific bluefin tuna.
•The experimental infection route for red seabream iridovirus (RSIV) was determined.•Oral infection was optimal for reproducing RSIV disease in Pacific bluefin tuna.•RSIV efficiently replicated in RSIV-infected Pacific bluefin tuna.•Infected tuna exhibited RSIVD-specific histopathologic abnormalities.
The clarification of host immune responses to causative bacteria of spotting disease in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius is vital to preventing and controlling this disease, especially ...to selective breeding for disease resistance. For this purpose, sea urchins were challenged with the causative bacterium Vibrio sp. to obtain spotting diseased and undiseased samples. We conducted next-generation sequencing to assess the key genes/pathways in control (CG), diseased (DG), and undiseased (UG) groups. A total of 454.1 million clean reads were obtained and assembled into 23,899 UniGenes with an N50 of 1359 bp, with 86.11% of them matching the genome sequence of the sea urchin S. purpuratus. A total of 8415 UniGenes were mapped to the non-redundant database. Salmon expression analysis revealed 725 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among CG, DG, and UG. These DEGs were enriched into 72 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, including a core set of immune correlated pathways notably in the phagosome, vitamin digestion and absorption, Wnt signaling, and Notch signaling pathways. DG was evidently upregulated in these immune pathways and could enhance phagocytosis directly or indirectly. Thus, phagocytosis was the main coelomic cellular immune response in S. intermedius challenged by spotting disease causative bacterium. The expression patterns of 10 DEGs were confirmed via RT-qPCR, and the expression levels were consistent with the results of RNA-seq. Furthermore, 9899 SSRs were identified, and 123,692, 151,827, and 114,368 candidate SNPs were identified from CG, DG, and UG, respectively. These results provide basic information for our understanding of sea urchin antibacterial immunity.
•Four S. intermedius cDNA libraries with two diseased groups and two control groups were constructed.•A total of 93,877 Unigenes with an N50 of 1185 bp were assembled.•1557 DEGs including 689 up-regulated genes and 868 down-regulated genes showed differential expression between two groups.•Most DGEs were enriched in phagosome and neuroactive ligand-receptor pathways.•Some differential expressed genes were further validated by RT-qPCR, and displayed consistent expression with RNA-seq.
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