This volume brings together several of the most important research papers on the monetary approach to the balance of payments prepared by IMF staff members. The 11 papers record, the contribution ...made by the IMF's staff to the development of the monetary approach, which is now widely accepted by academic economists and policymakers alike.
This paper highlights the large progressive decline in Canada's net financial liabilities to non-residents that has occurred over the last fifteen years. It reports tabulations on changes in Canada's ...international investment position and the associated cross-border income flows, and evaluates the extent to which these investment income flows have affected the size of Canada's gross national income relative to its gross domestic income. The paper also examines the extent to which changes in Canada's net international investment position have increased the national net worth of Canadians relative to the country's stock of national wealth.
Evaluations of an economy's economic performance are often made using a measure of real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, which represents the average remuneration (labour income plus capital ...services) that an economy generates through domestic production. Because real GDP is a constant dollar measure of the remuneration to capital and labour in an economy, it does not account for who owns the capital, how much of it is used up through production or how relative price shifts affect the volume of goods and services that can be purchased. Modifications can be made to traditional estimates of GDP to account for these factors. This paper examines the performance of the Canadian economy using alternate measures' gross domestic income, gross national income and net national income. The paper also examines the relative performance of the Canadian and U.S. economies using standard GDP measures and these alternate measures. The comparison spans the period from 1980 to 2006, but focuses on the 2002-to-2006 period. During these latter years, changes in commodity prices, manufactured goods prices, the exchange rate, international investment income and capital consumption have all contributed importantly to real income growth in Canada. As a result, a very different picture of relative performance of the Canadian and U.S. economies emerges when an aggregate income measure is used that accounts for relative price changes, international income flows and capital consumption than when real GDP is used. From 2002 to 2006, U.S. real GDP per capita grew 9.3% while Canadian GDP per capita rose 7.0%, making it appear that the U.S. economy was outperforming the Canadian economy. However, once changes in resource prices and the exchange rate, international investment income and capital consumption are taken into account, real income per capita in the United States increased by 8.6%, which is similar to its GDP per capita growth. However, the Canadian adjusted measu
