This study aimed to explore trends, in 3 periods, in the intake of energy and macronutrients among Taiwanese older adults.
Study subjects were those aged ≥65 years in the Nutrition and Health Survey ...in Taiwan 1999-2000 as well as the surveys in 2005-2008 and 2013-2016. Twenty-four-hour dietary recall data were obtained. This study used the 3 nutrition survey datasets for 1999-2000, 2005-2008, and 2013-2016, including data on the questionnaire, physical examination, and dietary intakes. Each nutrition survey involved the face-to-face household interview, and individual's dietary intake of carbohydrate, fat, and protein (% of energy) was estimated. Subsequently, intake statuses of the three macronutrients were classified into below, meeting, and above intake categories.
In the 2013-2016 survey, approximately 40% of the older adults had a low intake of energy. The prevalence of older adults with a meeting intake of carbohydrate, fat, and protein have increased from the 1999-2000 to 2013-2016 periods. The prevalence of people having a low intake of carbohydrate declined from the 1999-2000 period to the 2013-2016 period. The prevalence of high fat intake in 2013-2016 was approximately 5% higher than that in 1999-2000. In the 2013-2016 period, the prevalence of low intake of carbohydrate, fat, and protein were 25.9, 24.5, and 4.9%, respectively; moreover, the prevalence of high intake of the aforementioned macronutrients were 38.7, 36.2, and 17.6%, respectively.
Our study provides important evidence on the dietary patterns, as well as their changes over time among Taiwanese older adults. Such information would be useful for health policy makers about the burden of unbalanced diet and for nutrition educators on planning nutrition promotion interventions about well-balanced dietary for the older persons.
Abstract
Objectives
Adolescence, a crucial period for growth velocity including sexual maturation, is an important period of life and young adolescent girls need to have proper knowledge, positive ...attitudes and practice of balanced diet to achieve optimum growth and development. Considering its importance this study attempts to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of balanced diets among adolescent schoolgirls in Noakhali district, Bangladesh.
Methods
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in three secondary schools in Noakhali district, Bangladesh. A multistage sampling techniques was used to select schools and study participants. A total of 485 adolescent school girls participated and a pre-designed, validated and structured questionnaire was used for data collection. In addition to descriptive statistics, chi-square test and logistic regression were employed for analysis.
Results
The results from the study revealed that more than half of the students did not have good knowledge about a balanced diet, 42.8% had a positive attitude, whereas the practice of consuming a balanced diet was rather low (only 4.5%). Students studying in government schools had better knowledge and attitudes than non-government school students. Moreover, 41.1% of students were underweight; more than 60% of respondent’s mothers did not have an education higher than secondary school and were mostly unemployed housewives. Parent’s education, mother’s occupation, and types of school have a strong association with KAP; however, father’s education and occupation showed an association of varying degrees. Being knowledgeable was related to positive attitudes, and students with good knowledge had (OR: 1.828; 95% CI: 1.270–2.631) more likely to have positive attitudes towards a balanced diet.
Conclusions
Thus, proper knowledge about a balanced diet should be introduced with basic nutritional knowledge to all levels of public education. Interventions and programs can be designed to improve knowledge, attitude, and more specifically the practice at the household level so that adolescent girls can have a proper diet during their sexual maturation phase.
“Directive” front-of-pack labels (FOPL; like Nutri-Score) use arbitrary algorithms and involve a reductionist set of parameters.Directive FOPL do not reflect the portion that is consumed, ignore the ...preparation steps at home, and fail to serve as a useful basis for composing a healthy diet.Directive FOPL contradict the declared intent of the European Commission to empower consumers to undertake healthy and balanced diets.Informative FOPL obviate the need to classify foods as "healthy" or "unhealthy."Informative FOPL focus their attention on the individual portions that are consumed and give importance to dietary patterns.
Front-of-pack labels (FOPLs) aim at communicating to consumers the health value of food items in support of public health policies. Two main types can be discerned: directive and semidirective FOPLs using color schemes (e.g., Nutri-Score) and informative FOPLs (e.g., Nutrinform Battery). Directive approaches tend to show a “wear-out effect” and, additionally, they tend to have various underlying conceptual problems. Usually, their nutritional scores are calculated using changing, arbitrary algorithms and involve a reductionist set of parameters of debatable validity. Thus, they overstate the effects of selected nutritional factors, such as saturated fat and energy, while overlooking the food matrix and the more holistic aspects of nourishment. Moreover, they do not reflect the portion that is consumed, ignore the preparation steps at home, and fail to serve as a useful basis for composing a healthy diet. Also, so long as the nutritional formulations match the algorithmic standards, they tend to allow ultra-processed products. Thus, this might confuse and mislead consumers. Overconfidence in green-colored labels could even result in unbalanced dietary choices, whereas avoidance of red products may eliminate certain foods from the diet that are rich in essential nutrients (e.g., cheese), leading to opposite results than aimed for. The latter is particularly relevant to vulnerable populations, such as the young, pregnant women, and older adults, or for individuals with specific needs. Taken together, directive FOPLs such as Nutri-Score contradict the declared intent of the European Commission to empower consumers to undertake healthy and balanced diets based on easily accessible and robust information. Although informative systems usually also keep the focus on a few selected nutritional parameters, they have are less paternalizing and obviate the need to classify foods as healthy or unhealthy. They also focus attention on the individual portions that are consumed (even if the definition of portion size remains contentious). Given the importance of dietary patterns, rather than individual foods or nutrients, directiveFOPLs of the Nutri-Score type represent a regretful case of nutritionism. Finally, attempts to associate the adoption of a FOPL with an improvement in the health status are few and mainly applied in virtual settings; none of which are longitudinal, nor have they been able to identify a causal link.
Consumer's perspective on the quality is a variable that makes preservation and processing of various meat products a difficult task. To overcome the issue of spoilage and shelf life extension, with ...the expanded interest in maintaining a good quality of raw meat items, innovations took a lead in preservation techniques. Many innovations, such as applying high hydrostatic pressure, super chilling process, natural bio preservatives, and dynamic packaging had been proposed and researched. While a portion of these advancements is effective at inactivating the small-scale biotic factors especially identified with food-borne ailments, they are not successful against spores. To expand their adequacy against vegetative cells, a blend of a few preservation methods under the supposed thought had been explored. Besides preservation, modern packaging techniques are adopted to increase their shelf life. Packaging mainly aids in preventing color changes and preserves the nutritive value of processed meat. This review throws light on preservation techniques, modern and traditional packaging trends that takes place in the meat industry. Technology driven innovations like nanomaterial based preservation and packing techniques and marine derivatives as potential alternatives in preservation are discussed. The effect of COVID 19 on processing industries is also discussed in this review.
The present study was undertaken to formulate nutritious soup mix from chicken and
locally available vegetables in Viet Nam. The drying was done by using a cabinet dryer
(for vegetables) at a ...constant air flow rate and temperature or freeze-drier (for chicken) at
varying times. The studies were carried out by mixing ingredients into 4 formulas. The
chemical and physical characteristics of the product were analysed. The total energy,
energy balance in terms of the major sources of energy, i.e. carbohydrate, protein and fat
were calculated. In addition, the percentage of daily value (% DV) was calculated and the
Nutrition facts of soup were established. Among various recipes, the mixed soup
containing 9.2% freeze-dried chicken, 23.7% full cream powder, 28.8% potato starch,
19.8% of vegetables powder (which include 3.2% pumpkin, 3.8% tomato, 3.8% carrot,
9% potato), 2.4% seaweed, 11.4% seasoning and 2.8% sugar was the best among the four
mixtures evaluated. During the storage period of 5 months, the moisture content, water
activity and color of the dried soup mixture have changed but not significantly. The total
colony forming units of soup mix (CFU/g) was below the recommended level
(Vietnamese Standard - QCVN 11-4:2012/BYT).
Early‐life conditions can have long‐term fitness consequences. However, it is still unclear what optimal rearing conditions are, especially for long‐lived carnivores. A more diverse diet (‘balanced ...diet’) might optimize nutrient availability and allow young to make experiences with a larger diversity of prey, whereas a narrow diet breadth (‘specialized diet’) might result in overall higher energy net gain. A diet that is dominated by a specific prey type (i.e. fish, ‘prey type hypothesis’) might be beneficial or detrimental, depending for example, on its toxicity or contaminant load.
Generalist predators such as the white‐tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla provide an interesting possibility to examine the relationship between early life diet and long‐term offspring survival. In the Åland Islands, an archipelago in the Baltic Sea, white‐tailed eagles live in various coastal habitats and feed on highly variable proportions of birds and fish.
We use data from 21,116 prey individuals that were collected from 120 territories during the annual surveys, to examine how early‐life diet is associated with apparent annual survival of 574 ringed and molecular‐sexed eaglets. We supplement this analysis by assessing the relationships between diet, reproductive performance and nestling physical condition, to consider whether they are confounding with possible long‐term associations.
We find that early‐life diet is associated with long‐term fitness: Nestlings that are fed a diverse diet are in lower physical condition but have higher survival rates. Eagles that are fed more fish as nestlings have lower survival as breeding‐age adults, but territories associated with fish‐rich diets have higher breeding success.
Our results show that young carnivores benefit from a high diversity of prey in their natal territory, either through a nutritional or learning benefit, explaining the higher survival rates. The strong relationship between early‐life diet and adult survival suggests that early life shapes adult foraging decisions and that eating fish is associated with high costs. This could be due to high levels of contaminants or high competition for fish‐rich territories. Long‐lasting consequences of early‐life diet are likely not only limited to individual‐level consequences but have the potential to drive eco‐evolutionary dynamics in this population.
Varhaisilla kasvuolosuhteilla voi olla pitkäkestoisia vaikutuksia yksilön kelpoisuuteen. On kuitenkin edelleen epäselvää, millaiset olosuhteet ovat optimaaliset jälkeläisten kasvatukselle, etenkin pitkäikäisillä lihansyöjillä. Monipuolisempi ravintokoostumus (‘tasapainoinen ravinto’) saattaa optimoida ravinteiden saatavuuden ja antaa nuorille yksilöille kokemusta suuremmasta saalislajikirjosta, kun taas kapeampi ravintokoostumus (’erikoistunut ravinto’) takaa korkeamman nettoenergiansaannin. Ravinto, joka koostuu suurimmaksi osaksi tietystä saalistyypistä (esim. kala) voi olla joko hyödyllinen tai haitallinen riippuen mm. haitta‐ainepitoisuuksista (‘saalistyyppihypoteesi’).
Generalistipedot, kuten merikotka (Haliaeetus albicilla), tarjoavat mielenkiintoisen mahdollisuuden tutkia varhaisen ravintokoostumuksen ja jälkikasvun pitkän aikavälin selviytymisen suhdetta. Ahvenanmaan saaristossa Itämerellä merikotkat elävät moninaisissa rannikkohabitaateissa ja käyttävät ravintonaan kalaa ja lintuja, joiden osuuksissa kotkien ravinnossa on suurta vaihtelua.
Hyödynsimme 120 reviiriltä vuotuisten pesäinventointien yhteydessä kerättyä 21 116 saalisyksilön aineistoa tutkiaksemme, miten poikasajan ravinto vaikutti 574 rengastetun merikotkan poikasen näennäiseen selviytymiseen. Poikasten sukupuoli määritettiin molekulaarisin menetelmin. Täydensimme analyysiä arvioimalla ravinnon yhteyttä lisääntymismenestykseen sekä poikasten fyysiseen kuntoon selvittääksemme, vaikeuttaako tämä mahdollisten pitkän aikavälin riippuvuussuhteiden tunnistamista.
Havaitsimme yhteyden poikasajan ravinnon ja pitkän aikavälin kelpoisuuden välillä: monipuolisella ravinnolla ruokittujen merikotkan poikasten fyysinen kunto oli alhaisempi, mutta selviytymistodennäköisyys korkeampi, kuin yksipuolisella ravinnolla ruokittujen. Yksilöiden, joille poikasiässä syötettiin enemmän kalaa, selviytymistodennäköisyys lisääntymisiässä oli alhaisempi kuin vähän kalaa syöneiden. Lisääntymismenestys oli kuitenkin kokonaisvaltaisesti korkeampi kalarikkaan ravinnon reviireillä.
Tulokset osoittavat, että nuoret petoeläimet hyötyvät saaliin monimuotoisuudesta synnyinreviirillään, joko ravinne‐ tai oppimishyötyjen kautta, mikä todennäköisesti selittää niiden korkeamman selviytymisasteen. Poikasajan ravinnon ja aikuisiän selviytymisen välinen vahva yhteys viittaa siihen, että poikasaika muovaa aikuisen ravinnonhankintapäätöksiä, ja että kalan syömiseen liittyy korkeita kustannuksia. Tämä saattaa johtua suurista haitta‐ainepitoisuuksista tai kalarikkaisiin reviireihin liittyvästä kovasta kilpailusta. Varhaisen ravinnon pitkäkestoiset vaikutukset eivät todennäköisesti rajoitu yksilötasolle, vaan ne voivat potentiaalisesti ohjata koko populaation ekoevolutiivista dynamiikkaa.
The prevailing idea has been that it does not matter for wild carnivores what they eat as long as they forage successfully. The authors challenge this traditional view, and show that a more diverse early‐life diet and different prey types are associated with long‐lasting differences in apparent survival.
Purpose:
To investigate the direct and indirect effects of sociodemographic/health factors on diet quality through practical nutrition knowledge (PNK) about how to compose a balanced meal.
Design:
A ...cross-sectional study using data from an online survey of the 10 000 Steps cohort (data collected November-December 2016).
Setting:
Australia.
Participants:
Adults (n = 8161). Response rate was 16.7%.
Measures:
Self-reported lifestyle, health, and sociodemographic characteristics, including diet quality and PNK.
Analysis:
The PROCESS macro for SPSS was used to conduct the mediation analyses.
Results:
Better diet quality was associated with being female, older, more highly educated, and having a lower body mass index. Mediation analysis showed that PNK significantly mediated the associations between sex (a*b = 0.54, 95% confidence interval CI = 0.39-0.70) and education (vocational education: a*b = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.12-0.35, university: a*b = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.35-0.64), and diet quality. Practical nutrition knowledge suppressed the association between age and diet quality (a*b = −0.03, 95% CI = −0.04 to −0.03).
Conclusion:
Variations in diet quality between sociodemographic groups were partially explained by differences in PNK, suggesting that focusing public health efforts on increasing this specific knowledge type might be promising.
Warburg effect is a form of cellular metabolism commonly used by cancer cells, in which, consumption of glucose and production of acidic cell metabolic wastes take place at a considerably higher ...rate. The effect is well described in the literature, however, the applications for cancer prevention and treatment have not been resolved effectively yet. According to the Warburg effect, anaerobic cellular respiration and the resulting acidic cellular environment are linked to the development of cancerous tumors. But an oxygen-rich environment with optimum alkalinity at the cellular level can result in retaining healthy cells and inhibiting cancer cell growth. As an alternative or complementary solution for cancer treatment based on the Warburg effect, a healthy balanced diet with alkalizing (but not alkaline) properties helps maintain acid-base balance in the body and also provides optimum metabolic rate and sufficient hydration for more effective health improvement. This paper presents a review of the key concepts related to links between cancer and dietary and environmental factors, with the main focus on the Warburg effect and energy metabolisms in cancer cells. In addition, some practical diet-based solutions are summarized that may potentially control cancer by utilizing the reversed Warburg effect by which, optimum pH levels and sufficient oxygenation may be provided at the cellular level.
Programs focusing on health and nutrition help ensure children’s early development. Nutrition knowledge of families and teachers has a significant impact on children’s eating habits and dietary ...patterns. Recently, there is an increase in the number of daycare schools in North Cyprus, offering services between 8 AM to 6 PM and provide two main meals and two snacks during the day. This study was carried out to understand the nutrition-related knowledge of kindergarten teachers and mothers of children aged 2-5 and their attitudes towards nutrition, and find the deficiencies in the knowledge and attitude of both groups as they significantly impact dietary habits of children. The 121 participants from the Kyrenia District, Turkish Republic of North Cyprus were enrolled, 79 were educators in the kindergarten and 42 were mothers. It was observed that there is no statistically significant difference between mothers' and teacher's knowledge and attitude of the nutritional content of foods. Our study also showed that though mothers were educated and possessed knowledge of nutrients yet their attitudes did not reflect it. Our study revealed that the current knowledge status of teachers and caregivers, as well as their attitudes towards various aspects of diet, are not sufficient to lay the foundation of healthy eating.
Traditional farming in South East (SE) England is presented as a highly-evolved form of sustain- able farming. The carrying capacity of traditional farming on a 2.75 ha family smallholding in SE ...England is assessed from production data recorded over a period of 8 years. The key elements of the farming system were mixed farming (livestock, dairy, arable and horticultural), self-sufficiency in terms of inputs and organic principles. Ten types of food were produced with the aim to comprise all the elements of a balanced diet. The holding and farming system are described and an analysis of the food produced is presented, in terms of weight and energy content, for the years 2010 to 2017. An average carrying capacity of 0.64 people ha − 1 was demonstrated on the basis of food energy content alone. Carrying capacity increased to 1.09 people ha − 1 when production was re-proportioned to align with the UK Government’s currently recommended balanced diet. The latter figure is similar to carrying capacity estimates, derived from national statistics, for the UK’s total farmland in the middle part of the 20 th Century but significantly lower than theoretical predictions of national carrying capacity.
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