This work reports for the first time the production of condensed tannin nanoparticles stable in water via modification with glycine betaine. Pine bark, as a byproduct from the paper industry, was ...used as a source of condensed tannins of high molecular weight. Different glycine betaine concentrations were tested to produce condensed tannin nanoparticles, and the obtained nanoparticles were subjected to several characterization techniques (Dynamic Light Scattering, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, Zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-Attenuated total reflectance, thermogravimetric analysis). The results showed that the highest stability possessed nanoparticles with 40 wt% glycine betaine. The average particle size distribution evaluated by scanning microscopy was 124 nm. Besides, the glycine betaine-modified condensed tannin nanoparticles demonstrated higher thermal stability with the starting degradation temperature at 238 °C. Finally, obtained nanoparticles showed an antioxidant capacity of 34,209 ± 2194 μmol ET/100 g and low cytotoxicity towards healthy human cells, representing the high potential to be used as a carrier of active compounds in agriculture, food, drug and medical sector.
•Dietary PBE decreased TBARS-MDA concentrations and increased TAS.•PBE ha beneficial effects on antioxidant activity.•The gene expression of antioxidant enzymes is increased by increasing ...concentrations of dietary PBE.
Various stresses by weaning and rapid growth have a great impact on the piglets growth. In this study, we studied the impact of Pinus densiflora bark extract (PBE) on oxidative stress during weaning piglets. 96 crossbreed weaning piglets (Landrace × Large White × Yorkshire) × (Duroc × Pietrain) with average initial body weight (BW) of 7.71 ± 0.07 kg were divided randomly into 4 treatment groups (0, 100, 200, 300mg/kg PBE, respectively), with 3 replicates per treatment and 8 piglets per replicate. The dietary PBE significantly enhanced the total antioxidant status (TAS; p < 0.001 in liver, p < 0.01 in serum and p < 0.05 in muscle) and decreased the lipid peroxidation (p < 0.01 in serum and liver, p < 0.05 in muscle), while remarkably increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, p < 0.01), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px; p < 0.001 in muscle, p < 0.01 in liver and p < 0.05 in serum) and catalase (CAT; p < 0.01 in muscle and liver, p < 0.05 in serum) than those of control group in weaning piglets. PBE supplementation significantly increased the transcript levels of antioxidant enzyme genes such as SOD, GSH-Px and CAT, showed dose-dependent effect. During the experiment, the average daily gain (ADG) and feed/gain ratio (F/G) ratio were also calculated, indicating that PBE supplement had no adverse impact on growth performance. This study indicated that dietary PBE could enhance the antioxidant enzyme activity and their genes expression, suggesting the possibility of increasing the resistance to weanling stress in weaned piglets.
The current study was carried out to determine the antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory activity, and cellular viability of Pterospermum rubiginosum (PR), a tropical tree endemic to the Western ...Ghats. The antioxidant activities of the PR bark methanolic (PRME) and aqueous extract (PRAQ) were tested using ABTS as well as superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radical assays. Total antioxidant activity was evaluated by adopting the colorimetric method and correlation with their antioxidant activities was derived by Pearson co-efficient analysis. The PRME showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity, EC50 (46.09µg/ml) followed by PRAQ (52.08µg/ml). Furthermore, the PRME exhibited the highest scavenging activity against superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals. The MTT assay results revealed good cellular viability up to a concentration of 100µg/ml with an EC50 (106.869µg/ml). The inflammatory mediators such as Cox-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-kB were reduced during the treatment of PRME in LPS stimulated RAW cells. The stress marker in rat liver cells such as glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels was found in normal levels when compared to the untreated group of rats. The antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase and catalase also exhibited notable bioactivity in PRME treated groups up to a concentration of 1000µg/ml. The present study showed excellent In vitro and In vivo antioxidant activity; the potent anti-inflammatory ability of PRME in reducing the LPS induced inflammation in cell culture conditions.
•Diet supplementation of PBE reduced significantly diarrhea rate and diarrhea index.•PBE supplementation improved the intestinal barrier function.•High concentrations of PBE supplementation decreased ...the nutrients digestibility, but appropriate levels of PBE had no undesirable effect.•The appropriate level of PBE supplementationl in weaned piglets was 200 mg/kg diet.
Pinus densiflora bark extracts (PBE) has been widely used in health care medicine and animal husbandry by its beneficial physiological functions such as antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiviral activity. The study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary level of PBE on diarrhea rate, nutrient digestibility and intestinal health in weaned piglets. 120 crossbreed pigs were divided randomly into 4 treatment groups (0, 100, 200, 300 mg/kg PBE, respectively), with 3 replicates per treatment and 10 piglets per replicate. The experiment lasted for 28 d. Dietary supplementation with PBE significantly decreased diarrhea rate and diarrhea index (p < 0.0001). The groups supplemented with dietary PBE showed significant decrease in total tract apparent digestibility (TTAD) of crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE) and ether extracts (EE) (p < 0.05), while there was no significant effect of TTAD on dry matter (DM). Interestingly, the trypsin was not affected by dietary PBE, and the lipase and amylase activities decreased significantly in pigs fed diets supplemented with PBE (p < 0.05). The levels of total protein and glucose in serum were significantly increased by adding PBE in diets (p < 0.05), and levels of diamine oxidase (DAO) and endotoxin in serum were reduced by PBE supplementation (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of tight junction proteins in the jejunum were significantly up-regulated compared to control. This study revealed that PBE supplementation decreased nutrient utilization and decreased diarrhea rate with improvement of the intestinal health in weaned piglets, and suggested appropriate dietary concentration of PBE supplementation would be 200 mg/kg.
The composition of hot water extracts from the bark of European softwood bark was investigated. The molecular structure of the extracted tannins and carbohydrates was analysed by liquid ...chromatography and mass spectrometry. Display omitted
•European softwood bark tannins structure significantly varies between species.•The presence of phenolic glucosides is implied in most of the tannin structures analysed.•A large amount of monomers and pectins are co-extracted with tannins.•The most and least promising source for phenolics were larch and pine, respectively.
Condensed tannins extracted from European softwood bark are recognized as alternatives to synthetic phenolics. The extraction is generally performed in hot water, leading to simultaneous extraction of other bark constituents such as carbohydrates, phenolic monomers and salts. Characterization of the extract’s composition and identification of the extracted tannins’ molecular structure are needed to better identify potential applications.
Bark from Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), European larch (Larix decidua Mill.), Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were extracted in water at 60°C. The amounts of phenolic monomers, condensed tannins, carbohydrates, and inorganic compounds in the extract were determined. The molecular structures of condensed tannins and carbohydrates were also investigated (HPLC-UV combined with thiolysis, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, anion exchange chromatography).
Distinct extract compositions and tannin structures were found in each of the analysed species. Procyanidins were the most ubiquitous tannins. The presence of phenolic glucosides in the tannin oligomers was suggested. Polysaccharides such as arabinans, arabinogalactans and glucans represented an important fraction of all extracts. Compared to traditionally used species (Mimosa and Quebracho) higher viscosities as well as faster chemical reactivities are expected in the analysed species. The most promising species for a bark tannin extraction was found to be larch, while the least encouraging results were detected in pine. A better knowledge of the interaction between the various extracted compounds is deemed an important matter for investigation in the context of industrial applications of such extracts.
In this work, untargeted metabolomics was used to unveil the impact of a Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus nitens) outer bark lipophilic extract on the metabolism of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and ...nontumor breast cells. Integrative analysis of culture medium, intracellular polar metabolites, and cellular lipids provided a comprehensive picture of cell metabolic adaptations, which enabled several hypotheses about the metabolic targets and pathways affected to be proposed. One of the most marked effects in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, upon 48 h incubation with the E. nitens extract (15 μg/mL), was the enhancement of the NAD+/NADH ratio, likely reflecting a shift to mitochondrial respiration, which appeared to be fueled by amino acids and fatty acids resulting from hydrolysis of neutral lipids (triglycerides and cholesteryl esters). Contrastingly, in MCF-10A breast epithelial cells, the E. nitens extract appeared to intensify glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (resulting in a decreased NAD+/NADH ratio), while having no effect on the cell lipid composition. This knowledge improves the current understanding of the biological activity of E. nitens bark extracts and is potentially useful to promote their development in the field of TNBC anticancer therapy.
Aqueous stem bark extract of Nothopegia beddomei was assayed for serine and aspartic protease inhibitors by using trypsin and pepsin as the target enzymes, respectively. Crude bark extract was ...dialyzed and subjected to inhibition assays. The thermal stabilities of serine and aspartic protease inhibitors were studied by incubating the extract at 4 ºC, room temperature and 37 ºC for a period of one month and subjecting to higher temperatures (55 ºC, 75 ºC and 95 ºC) for 15 minutes. The crude bark extract of N. beddomei exhibited serine and aspartic protease inhibitory activities. However, the serine protease inhibitory activity was significantly higher. The approximate molecular mass of both serine and aspartic protease inhibitors were more than 8 kDa. Both types of inhibitors were identified as mixtures of thermally stable and labile compounds due to their variations in inhibitory activities with time at different temperatures. Attempts made to purify the protease inhibitors using ion exchange chromatography and ammonium sulphate precipitation were unsuccessful. In conclusion, the results indicate both serine and aspartic protease inhibition activities in N. beddomei bark extract are governed by mixtures of protenaceous and non-protenaceous molecules.
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•Pine extracts have anti-proliferative effect through mitochondrial apoptosis.•A significant decrease in ROS generation was found in the presence of pine barks.•P. pinaster was the ...one that showed the greatest biological activity.•Pine barks are interesting for developing functional foods.
The use of vegetal materials that go unused or by-products of the food industry, for the development of functional foods is very interesting. Pine bark extracts have been useful in medicine and in functional foods, yet, little is known about its antiproliferative properties. In this work, the activity of bark extracts from different Pinus species on human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells was studied. All these extracts induce cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in Caco-2 cells through alteration of the mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c to cytoplasm and caspase 3 activation. In addition, a significant decrease in ROS generation was also observed in the presence of the extracts tested. The results obtained in this work show that these extracts could be interesting in order to elaborate functional foods and not only for improving their antioxidant properties but also for playing an important role in the treatment of colorectal carcinoma.
In this study, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/gelatin (GEL) electrospun nanofibers loaded with two different concentrations of Pinus radiata bark extracts (PEs) were fabricated via electrospinning for ...wound healing applications. The effects of incorporating PE into PCL/GEL electrospun nanofibers were investigated regarding their physicochemical properties and in vitro biocompatibility. All electrospun nanofibers showed smooth, uniform, and bead-free surfaces. Their functional groups were detected by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, and their total phenol content was measured by a Folin–Ciocalteu assay. With PE addition, the electrospun nanofibers exhibited an increase in their wettability and degradation rates over time and a decrease in their tensile stress values from 20 ± 4 to 8 ± 2 MPa for PCL/GEL and PCL/GEL/0.36%PE samples, respectively. PE was also released from the fibrous mats in a rather controlled fashion. The PCL/GEL/0.18%PE and PCL/GEL/0.36%PE electrospun nanofibers inhibited bacterial activity at around 6 ± 0.1% and 23 ± 0.3% against E. coli and 14 ± 0.1% and 18 ± 0.2% against S. aureus after 24 h incubation, respectively. In vitro cell studies showed that PE-loaded electrospun nanofibers enhanced HaCaT cell growth, attachment, and proliferation, favoring cell migration towards the scratch area in the wound healing assay and allowing a complete wound closure after 72 h treatment. These findings suggested that PE-loaded electrospun nanofibers are promising materials for antibiotic-free dressings for wound healing applications.
Objective: Kecapi bark (Sandoricum koetjape Merr.) is a plant of the Meliaceae family that is often used by people to treat diarrhea and abdominal pain. This study aims to determine the effects of ...antidiarrheal from the ethanol extract of the Kecapi stem bark on induced with castor oil and bacteria Escherichia coli.Methods: Before the in vivo on male guinea pig test was switched first, then 10 ml of castor oil was induced and 7.7 ml of E. coli male guinea pig was induced, then each male guinea was given a variation of dose ethanol extract kecapi stem bark and loperamide as the comparison. Parameters measured in this study were the start time of diarrhea, consistency of feces, frequency, and duration of diarrhea.Result: The results obtained showed that ethanol extract of kecapi bark antidiarrheal effect on guinea pigs induced castor oil (dose of 800 mg/kg body weight) and E. coli.Conclusion: Ethanol extract of Kecapi bark has an activity of antidiarrheal..
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