The development of Digital Twins has enabled them to be widely applied to various fields represented by intelligent manufacturing. A Metaverse, which is parallel to the physical world, needs mature ...and secure Digital Twins technology in addition to Parallel Intelligence to enable it to evolve autonomously. We propose that Blockchain combined with other areas does not simultaneously require all of the basic elements. We extract the immutable characteristics of Blockchain and propose a secure multidimensional data storage solution called BlockNet that can ensure the security of the digital mapping process of the Internet of Things, thereby improving the data reliability of Digital Twins. Additionally, to address some of the challenges faced by multiscale spatial data processing, we propose a nonmutagenic multidimensional Hash Geocoding method, allowing unique indexing of multidimensional information and avoiding information loss due to data dimensionality reduction while improving the efficiency of information retrieval and facilitating the implementation of the Metaverse through spatial Digital Twins based on these two studies.
The Metaverse is the expansion of Digital Twins in the fields of people and society. Although the Metaverse existed 10 years before the emergence of Digital Twins, it is still in the concept stage, and Digital Twins has been widely used in industries and other fields. We extracted the immutable characteristics of Blockchain and proposed a secure multidimensional data storage solution called BlockNet that can ensure the security of the digital mapping process of the Internet of Things, thereby improving the data reliability of Digital Twins. Additionally, to address some of the challenges faced by multiscale spatial data processing, we proposed a nonmutagenic multidimensional Hash Geocoding method, allowing unique indexing of multidimensional information and avoiding information loss due to data dimensionality reduction while improving the efficiency of information retrieval and facilitating the implementation of the Metaverse through spatial Digital Twins based on these two works.
The Metaverse is the expansion of Digital Twins in the fields of people and society. Although the Metaverse existed 10 years before the emergence of Digital Twins, it is still in the concept stage, and Digital Twins has been widely used in industries and other fields. Compared with Digital Twins, the Metaverse pays more attention to the organization, coding, and reliable storage of spatial data. This paper discusses the challenge of dealing with multiscale spatial data and discusses its multidimensional coding and storage.
•A review on the variety of CAES concepts and their historical background is given.•An extensive classification and comparison of different CAES types is carried out.•The concept of exergy is applied ...to enhance the fundamental understanding of CAES.•The importance of accurate fluid property data for the design of CAES is examined.•General aspects on CAES applications and upcoming R&D challenges are discussed.
Over the past decades a variety of different approaches to realize Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) have been undertaken. This article gives an overview of present and past approaches by classifying and comparing CAES processes. This classification and comparison is substantiated by a broad historical background on how CAES has evolved over time from its very beginning until its most recent advancements. A broad review on the variety of CAES concepts and compressed air storage (CAS) options is given, evaluating their individual strengths and weaknesses. The concept of exergy is applied to CAES in order to enhance the fundamental understanding of CAES. Furthermore, the importance of accurate fluid property data for the calculation and design of CAES processes is discussed. In a final outlook upcoming R&D challenges are addressed.
Introduction: Regulation of Customary Law Communities in a state constitution is important to guarantee their existence and guarantee their protection. The regulation of Indigenous Law Communities in ...the constitution is also intended so that the regulations under the constitution can be in line with the constitution in facilitating Indigenous Law Communities.Purposes of the Research: The aim of this research is to formulate the basic principles of MHA which must be regulated in the constitution as well as efforts to amend the constitution to formulate the basic principles of MHA in the constitution.Methods of the Research: Normative legal research using case, concept and legislative approaches.Results of the Research: The basic principles of MHA that need to be formulated in the constitution include various basic values of MHA, such as having customary legal norms, having ulayat rights or traditional rights related to natural resource management, and having traditional apparatus with various characteristics that exist in each MHA. Revision of Article 18B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia as an effort to amend the constitution to include the basic principles and values of the MHA can be carried out by including basic values and principles in the MHA which include: the existence of customary legal norms, having customary rights or related traditional rights. With natural resource management, as well as having traditional apparatus with various characteristics that exist in each MHA..
The expected depletion of fossil fuel reserves and its serious environmental impact have emphasised the issue of sustainable development of the human society. Solar hydrogen by photocatalytic water ...splitting is a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuels, which is of great potential to relieve the energy and environmental issues and bring an energy revolution in a clean and sustainable manner. This review is going to make a brief introduction of the basic principles of photocatalytic water splitting and the concept of different kinds of water splitting systems. Various engineering strategies for searching higher efficiency of water splitting based on the photocatalytic processes, including light harvesting, charge carriers separation and co-catalysts loading, have been outlined and discussed with selected typical examples on some elaborately designed semiconductor-based photocatalytic systems. Moreover, recent impressive progresses and advancements for photocatalytic water splitting with some promising materials are presented. Finally, this review is concluded with a summary and perspective in this hot area of research.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has an astonishing potential in assisting clinical decision making and revolutionizing the field of health care. A major open challenge that AI will need to address ...before its integration in the clinical routine is that of algorithmic bias. Most AI algorithms need big datasets to learn from, but several groups of the human population have a long history of being absent or misrepresented in existing biomedical datasets. If the training data is misrepresentative of the population variability, AI is prone to reinforcing bias, which can lead to fatal outcomes, misdiagnoses, and lack of generalization. Here, we describe the challenges in rendering AI algorithms fairer, and we propose concrete steps for addressing bias using tools from the field of open science.
Bias in the medical field can be dissected along three directions: data-driven, algorithmic, and human. Bias in AI algorithms for health care can have catastrophic consequences by propagating deeply rooted societal biases. This can result in misdiagnosing certain patient groups, like gender and ethnic minorities, that have a history of being underrepresented in existing datasets, further amplifying inequalities.
Open science practices can assist in moving toward fairness in AI for health care. These include (1) participant-centered development of AI algorithms and participatory science; (2) responsible data sharing and inclusive data standards to support interoperability; and (3) code sharing, including sharing of AI algorithms that can synthesize underrepresented data to address bias. Future research needs to focus on developing standards for AI in health care that enable transparency and data sharing, while at the same time preserving patients’ privacy.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has an astonishing potential in revolutionizing health care. A major challenge is that of algorithmic bias. Most AI algorithms need big datasets to learn from, but several groups of the human population are absent or misrepresented in existing datasets. AI is thus prone to reinforcing bias, which can lead to fatal outcomes and misdiagnoses. Here, we describe challenges in rendering AI algorithms fairer, and we propose concrete steps for addressing bias using open science tools.
It has become trivial to point out that algorithmic systems increasingly pervade the social sphere. Improved efficiency—the hallmark of these systems—drives their mass integration into day-to-day ...life. However, as a robust body of research in the area of algorithmic injustice shows, algorithmic systems, especially when used to sort and predict social outcomes, are not only inadequate but also perpetuate harm. In particular, a persistent and recurrent trend within the literature indicates that society's most vulnerable are disproportionally impacted. When algorithmic injustice and harm are brought to the fore, most of the solutions on offer (1) revolve around technical solutions and (2) do not center disproportionally impacted communities. This paper proposes a fundamental shift—from rational to relational—in thinking about personhood, data, justice, and everything in between, and places ethics as something that goes above and beyond technical solutions. Outlining the idea of ethics built on the foundations of relationality, this paper calls for a rethinking of justice and ethics as a set of broad, contingent, and fluid concepts and down-to-earth practices that are best viewed as a habit and not a mere methodology for data science. As such, this paper mainly offers critical examinations and reflection and not “solutions.”
Machine learning (ML) increasingly permeates every sphere of life. Complex, contextual, continually moving social and political challenges are automated and packaged as mathematical and engineering problems. Simultaneously, research on algorithmic injustice shows how ML automates and perpetuates historical, often unjust and discriminatory, patterns. The negative consequences of algorithmic systems, especially on marginalized communities, have spurred work on algorithmic fairness. Still, most of this work is narrow in scope, focusing on fine-tuning specific models, making datasets more inclusive/representative, and “debiasing” datasets. Although such work can constitute part of the remedy, a fundamentally equitable path must examine the wider picture, such as unquestioned or intuitive assumptions in datasets, current and historical injustices, and power asymmetries.
As such, this work does not offer a list of implementable solutions towards a “fair” system, but rather is a call for scholars and practitioners to critically examine the field. It is taken for granted that ML and data science are fields that solve problems using data and algorithms. Thus, challenges are often formulated as problem/solution. One of the consequences of such discourse is that challenges that refuse such a problem/solution formulation, or those with no clear “solutions”, or approaches that primarily offer critical analysis are systematically discarded and perceived as out of the scope of these fields. This work hopes for a system-wide acceptance of critical work as an essential component of AI ethics, fairness, and justice.
It has become trivial to point out that algorithmic systems increasingly pervade the social sphere. Improved efficiency—the hallmark of these systems—drives their mass integration into day-to-day life. However, as a robust body of research in the area of algorithmic injustice shows, algorithmic systems, especially when used to sort and predict social outcomes, are not only inadequate but also perpetuate harm. In particular, a persistent and recurrent trend within the literature indicates that society's most vulnerable are disproportionally impacted. When algorithmic injustice and harm are brought to the fore, most of the solutions on offer (1) revolve around technical solutions and (2) do not center disproportionally impacted communities. This paper proposes a fundamental shift—from rational to relational—in thinking about personhood, data sciences, justice, and everything in between, and places ethics as something that goes above and beyond technical solutions. Outlining the idea of ethics built on the foundations of relationality, this paper calls for a rethinking of justice and ethics as a set of broad, contingent, and fluid concepts and down-to-earth practices that are best viewed as a habit and not a mere methodology for data science. As such, this paper mainly offers critical examinations and reflection and not “solutions.”
Architectural activity processes have been studied. In architectural practice, the place of the architect in the process of developing an architectural object has been reconsidered. The architect is ...looked at as an artist and space developer. The engineering and strategic part of the architectural project is now dealt with by other professionals. In architectural science, the basic principles of architectural theory are reviewed to fit the needs of today. There are indications of transition from the material or the abstract material to the phenomenological, sensual, transcendental. The attitude towards the environment is changing qualitatively: augmented reality allows both the old and the new to “exist” in the same territory (with the help of special tools). The attitude towards heritate conservation is also changing dramatically. The study of actual architectal activities in architectural practice and scientific activity has revealed a range of problems that are currently being addressed: development of new teaching aids for architectural education, and development of materials for practical use in building design and urban planning.
The first part of Strigachev’s book is devoted to the contribution of the greatest scientists of modern physics Planck, Einstein, Rutherford and Bohr. Relativity is understood as a negation of the ...absolute. Two are the main principles: the principle of conservation and the principle of complementarity. The author suggests a proper combination of four principles – those of relativity, conservation, correspondence and complementarity.
Recent applications of ultrasound to the production of nanostructured materials are reviewed. Sonochemistry permits the production of novel materials or provides a route to known materials without ...the need for high bulk temperatures, pressures, or long reaction times. Both chemical and physical phenomena associated with high-intensity ultrasound are responsible for the production or modification of nanomaterials. Most notable are the consequences of acoustic cavitation: the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles, and can be categorized as primary sonochemistry (gas-phase chemistry occurring inside collapsing bubbles), secondary sonochemistry (solution-phase chemistry occurring outside the bubbles), and physical modifications (caused by high-speed jets, shockwaves, or inter-particle collisions in slurries).
Theory of Sonochemistry Bhangu, Sukhvir Kaur; Ashokkumar, Muthupandian
Topics in current chemistry (2016),
08/2016, Volume:
374, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Sonochemistry refers to ultrasound-initiated chemical processes in liquids. The interaction between bubbles and sound energy in liquids results in acoustic cavitation. This review presents the ...fundamental aspects of acoustic cavitation and theoretical aspects behind sonochemistry such as dynamics of bubble oscillation, the rectified diffusion process that is responsible for the growth of cavitation bubbles, near adiabatic collapse of cavitation bubbles resulting in extreme reaction conditions and several chemical species generated within collapsing bubbles that are responsible for various redox reactions. Specifically, a detailed discussion on single bubble sonochemistry is provided.
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