Biomarkers can provide critical information about cancer and many other diseases; therefore, developing analytical systems for recognising biomarkers is an essential direction in bioanalytical ...chemistry. Recently molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been applied in analytical systems to determine biomarkers. This article aims to an overview of MIPs used for the detection of cancer biomarkers, namely: prostate cancer (PSA), breast cancer (CA15-3, HER-2), epithelial ovarian cancer (CA-125), hepatocellular carcinoma (AFP), and small molecule cancer biomarkers (5-HIAA and neopterin). These cancer biomarkers may be found in tumours, blood, urine, faeces, or other body fluids or tissues. The determination of low concentrations of biomarkers in these complex matrices is technically challenging. The overviewed studies used MIP-based biosensors to assess natural or artificial samples such as blood, serum, plasma, or urine. Molecular imprinting technology and MIP-based sensor creation principles are outlined. Analytical signal determination methods and the nature and chemical structure of the imprinted polymers are discussed. Based on the reviewed biosensors, the results are compared, and the most suitable materials for each biomarker are discussed.
Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy diagnosed in women, supporting the need for identification of novel prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. Recently, microRNAs have emerged as ...molecular regulators that can have key roles in pathogenesis and progression of different malignancies, including breast cancer. Micro‐RNAs can be circulated in body fluid, suggesting their values as non‐invasive marker. There is growing body of evidence showing the aberrant activation of some known circulating miRNAs, for example let‐151a, miR‐21, miR‐155, miR‐,145 miR‐18a, miR‐16 as well as tissue specific‐miRNAs, for example miR‐182, miR‐145, miR‐21, miR‐155/154, miR‐203, miR‐213, miR‐7 in patients affected by breast cancer. In addition, there is growing body of evidences on the value of miRNAs to be associated with drug‐resistance, suggesting their values as a potential approach to overcome chemo‐resistance. Attuned with these facts, this review highlights recent preclinical and clinical investigation performed on tissue‐specific miRNAs and circulating as novel promising biomarkers for detection of patients at early stages, prediction of prognosis, and monitoring of the patients in response to therapy.
Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy diagnosed in women, supporting the need for identification of novel prognostic, and diagnostic biomarkers. Recently, microRNAs have emerged as molecular regulators that can have key roles in pathogenesis and progression of different malignancies, including breast cancer.
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) remains the most used biomarker in the management of early prostate cancer (PCa), in spite of the problems related to false positive results and overdiagnosis. New ...biomarkers have been proposed in recent years with the aim of increasing specificity and distinguishing aggressive from non-aggressive PCa. The emerging role of the prostate health index and the 4Kscore is reviewed in this article. Both are blood-based tests related to the aggressiveness of the tumor, which provide the risk of suffering PCa and avoiding negative biopsies. Furthermore, the use of urine has emerged as a non-invasive way to identify new biomarkers in recent years, including the
and
fusion gene. Available results about the PCA3 score showed its usefulness to decide the repetition of biopsy in patients with a previous negative result, although its relationship with the aggressiveness of the tumor is controversial. More recently, aberrant microRNA expression in PCa has been reported by different authors. Preliminary results suggest the utility of circulating and urinary microRNAs in the detection and prognosis of PCa. Although several of these new biomarkers have been recommended by different guidelines, large prospective and comparative studies are necessary to establish their value in PCa detection and prognosis.
An enormous amount of research effort has been devoted to biomarker discovery and validation. With the completion of the human genome, proteomics is now playing an increasing role in this search for ...new and better biomarkers. Here, what leads to successful biomarker development is reviewed and how these features may be applied in the context of proteomic biomarker research is considered. The “fit‐for‐purpose” approach to biomarker development suggests that untargeted proteomic approaches may be better suited for early stages of biomarker discovery, while targeted approaches are preferred for validation and implementation. A systematic screening of published biomarker articles using MS‐based proteomics reveals that while both targeted and untargeted technologies are used in proteomic biomarker development, most researchers do not combine these approaches. i) The reasons for this discrepancy, (ii) how proteomic technologies can overcome technical challenges that seem to limit their translation into the clinic, and (iii) how MS can improve, complement, or replace existing clinically important assays in the future are discussed.
Glycans as cancer biomarkers Adamczyk, Barbara; Tharmalingam, Tharmala; Rudd, Pauline M.
Biochimica et biophysica acta,
09/2012, Volume:
1820, Issue:
9
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Non-invasive biomarkers, such as those from serum, are ideal for disease prognosis, staging and monitoring. In the past decade, our understanding of the importance of glycosylation changes with ...disease has evolved.
We describe potential biomarkers derived from serum glycoproteins for liver, pancreatic, prostate, ovarian, breast, lung and stomach cancers. Methods for glycan analysis have progressed and newly developed high-throughput platform technologies have enabled the analysis of large cohorts of samples in an efficient manner. We also describe this evolution and trends to follow in the future.
Many convincing examples of aberrant glycans associated with cancer have come about from glycosylation analyses. Most studies have been carried out to identify changes in serum glycan profiles or through the isolation and identification of glycoproteins that contain these irregular glycan structures. In a majority of cancers the fucosylation and sialylation expression are found to be significantly modified. Therefore, these aberrations in glycan structures can be utilized as targets to improve existing cancer biomarkers.
The ability to distinguish differences in the glycosylation of proteins between cancer and control patients emphasizes glycobiology as a promising field for potential biomarker identification. Furthermore, the high-throughput and reproducible nature of the chromatography platform have highlighted extensive applications in biomarker discovery and allowed integration of glycomics with other -omics fields, such as proteomics and genomics, making systems glycobiology a reality. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Glycoproteomics.
► Protein glycosylation has a significant impact in disease progression and states. ► Glycobiomarkers for prostate, ovarian, breast, lung and stomach cancers are defined. ► Glycan analysis has evolved from single sample to high-throughput analysis. ► Glycan analysis technology advancements allow for collaborations with other fields.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer among females and third among males worldwide. It also contributes significantly to cancer-related deaths, despite the continuous ...progress in diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Biomarkers currently play an important role in the detection and treatment of patients with colorectal cancer. Risk stratification for screening might be augmented by finding new biomarkers which alone or as a complement of existing tests might recognize either the predisposition or early stage of the disease. Biomarkers have also the potential to change diagnostic and treatment algorithms by selecting the proper chemotherapeutic drugs across a broad spectrum of patients. There are attempts to personalise chemotherapy based on presence or absence of specific biomarkers. In this review, we update review published last year and describe our understanding of tumour markers and biomarkers role in CRC screening, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Goal of future research is to identify those biomarkers that could allow a non-invasive and cost-effective diagnosis, as well as to recognise the best prognostic panel and define the predictive biomarkers for available treatments.
The identification of biomarkers plays a crucial role in personalized medicine, both in the clinical and research settings. However, the contrast between predictive and prognostic biomarkers can be ...challenging due to the overlap between the two. A prognostic biomarker predicts the future outcome of cancer, regardless of treatment, and a predictive biomarker predicts the effectiveness of a therapeutic intervention. Misclassifying a prognostic biomarker as predictive (or vice versa) can have serious financial and personal consequences for patients. To address this issue, various statistical and machine learning approaches have been developed. The aim of this study is to present an in-depth analysis of recent advancements, trends, challenges, and future prospects in biomarker identification. A systematic search was conducted using PubMed to identify relevant studies published between 2017 and 2023. The selected studies were analyzed to better understand the concept of biomarker identification, evaluate machine learning methods, assess the level of research activity, and highlight the application of these methods in cancer research and treatment. Furthermore, existing obstacles and concerns are discussed to identify prospective research areas. We believe that this review will serve as a valuable resource for researchers, providing insights into the methods and approaches used in biomarker discovery and identifying future research opportunities.
Metabolomics toward personalized medicine Jacob, Minnie; Lopata, Andreas L.; Dasouki, Majed ...
Mass spectrometry reviews,
May/June 2019, Volume:
38, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Metabolomics, which is the metabolites profiling in biological matrices, is a key tool for biomarker discovery and personalized medicine and has great potential to elucidate the ultimate product of ...the genomic processes. Over the last decade, metabolomics studies have identified several relevant biomarkers involved in complex clinical phenotypes using diverse biological systems. Most diseases result in signature metabolic profiles that reflect the sums of external and internal cellular activities. Metabolomics has a major role in clinical practice as it represents >95% of the workload in clinical laboratories worldwide. Many of these metabolites require different analytical platforms, such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Mass Spectrometry (MS), and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC), while many clinically relevant metabolites are still not routinely amenable to detection using currently available assays. Combining metabolomics with genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics studies will result in a significantly improved understanding of the disease mechanisms and the pathophysiology of the target clinical phenotype. This comprehensive approach will represent a major step forward toward providing precision medical care, in which individual is accounted for variability in genes, environment, and personal lifestyle. In this review, we compare and evaluate the metabolomics strategies and studies that focus on the discovery of biomarkers that have “personalized” diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value, validated for monitoring disease progression and responses to various management regimens.
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