Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical found in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins which is biologically harmful and toxicologically relevant at low doses. Electrochemical sensors offer rapid and ...accurate detection of bisphenols but suffer from electrode fouling. Boron-doped diamond is known for its exceptional capability to resist chemical fouling due to the weak molecular adsorption of sp3 carbon. In this work, we use nanodiamond to overcome electrode fouling and detect BPA with a low detection limit at 5 nM. Further, we demonstrate the use of nanocarbon-modified electrodes for BPA detection. One-time use nanocarbon electrodes detect BPA through direct oxidation of BPA in a sensitive and reproducible fashion. For continuous monitoring of BPA, we introduce a new approach based on the detection of the by-product of BPA oxidation, hydroquinone (HQ), which acts as a proxy for BPA quantitation without the need of electrode replacement. These findings aim to tackle the challenges of increasing concern of BPA food and water contamination, as an alternative to the more costly and time consuming central laboratory tests.
Display omitted
•Electrode fouling limits the use of electrochemical Bisphenol A (BPA) sensors but can be minimised using carbon electrodes.•We developed a low-fouling, highly sensitive and reliable continuous BPA monitoring system based on boron-doped nanodiamond.•Novel nanocarbon-modified electrodes detect BPA as an easy-to-use and low-cost sensor by directly oxidising BPA.•We monitor BPA concentration by detecting the BPA oxidation by-product, different from traditional electrochemical sensors.
Although Bisphenol-A (BPA) has been found to exhibit toxicological properties such as genotoxicity and oxidative stress, yet there is very little data available on its analogues. Since the ...replacement of BPA by its analogues, their presence has been found to increase in the environment leading to increased human exposure that makes it essential to investigate their toxic effects. Therefore, we explored the genotoxic and oxidative potential of two common BPA analogues, Bisphenol-B (BPB) and Bisphenol-F (BPF). Both analogues were found to induce cytotoxicity in human peripheral blood cells. They also caused an increase in reactive oxygen species levels leading to a decrease in GSH and an increase in LPO levels. Comet assay also suggested them to be genotoxic. Therefore, bisphenols were found capable of inducing cytotoxicity via oxidative stress and genotoxicity.
•BPB and BPF were both found to be cytotoxic and genotoxic in nature.•They induced ROS levels.•They caused a decrease in GSH levels and increase in LPO levels.•Bisphenols induced cytotoxicity via oxidative stress and genotoxicity.
The endocrine disrupting chemical bisphenol A (BPA) has been facing stricter regulations in recent years. BPA analogs, such as the bisphenols S, F, and AF (BPS, BPF, and BPAF) are increasingly used ...as replacement chemicals, although they were found to exert estrogenic effects similar to those of BPA. Research has shown that only the parent compounds have affinity to the estrogen receptors, suggesting that the pharmacokinetic behavior of bisphenols (BPs) can influence their potency.
Our goal was to compare the pharmacokinetic behaviors of BPA, BPS, BPF, and BPAF for different age groups after environmentally relevant external exposures by taking into account substance-specific metabolism kinetics and partitioning behavior. This comparison allowed us to investigate the consequences of replacing BPA with other BPs.
We readjusted a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for peroral exposure to BPA and extended it to include dermal exposure. We experimentally assessed hepatic and intestinal glucuronidation kinetics of BPS, BPF, and BPAF to parametrize the model for these BPs and calibrated the BPS model with a biomonitoring study. We used the PBPK models to compare resulting internal exposures and focused on females of childbearing age in a two-dimensional Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis.
Within environmentally relevant concentration ranges, BPAF and BPS were glucuronized at highest and lowest rates, respectively, in the intestine and the liver. The predominant routes of BPS and BPAF exposure were peroral and dermal exposure, respectively. The calibration of the BPS model with measured concentrations showed that enterohepatic recirculation may be important. Assuming equal external exposures, BPS exposure led to the highest internal concentrations of unconjugated BPs.
Our data suggest that the replacement of BPA with structural analogs may not lower the risk for endocrine disruption. Exposure to both BPS and BPAF might be more critical than BPA exposure, if their respective estrogenic potencies are taken into account. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2739.
Display omitted
•Occurrence of several BP analogues in sludge was confirmed.•High levels of bisphenol A were found in industrial WWTP sludge.•Emission fluxes of bisphenols via WWTPs in Korea were ...estimated.•This is the first nationwide survey to determine BP analogues in sewage sludge of Korea.
Due to the regulation on bisphenol A (BPA) in several industrialized countries, the demand for other bisphenol analogues (BPs) as substitutes for BPA is growing. Eight BPs were determined in sludge from 40 representative wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Korea. Total concentrations of BPs (ΣBP) in sludge ranged from <LOQ to 25700ngg−1. The highest concentrations of ΣBP were found in sludge collected from WWTPs that received discharges from the paper and textile industries. The profiles of BPs were dependent on the proportions of industrial wastewater treated at each of the WWTPs. The sludge from industrial WWTPs contained elevated proportions of BPA, whereas sludge from domestic WWTPs was dominated by bisphenol F (BPF), suggesting use of BPF in certain industrial products in Korea. No significant correlations were found between BPs and the WWTP characteristics. The average per-capita emissions of BPs ranged from 0.04 (BPP) to 886gcapita−1d (BPA) through WWTP discharges. The emission fluxes of ΣBP through industrial WWTPs were 2–3 orders of magnitudes higher than those calculated for domestic WWTPs, indicating that industrial discharges are the major source of BPs into the Korean environment. This is the first nationwide survey of BPs in sludge from Korean WWTPs.
Restrictions on the use of bisphenol A (BPA) in consumer products led to its replacement by various bisphenol (BP) analogues, yet young children's exposure to these analogues has been poorly ...characterized so far. This study aimed to characterize infants' and toddlers' exposure to BPA and 14 emerging BP analogues (i.e., bisphenol AF, bisphenol AP, bisphenol B, bisphenol BP, bisphenol C (BPC), bisphenol E, bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol G, bisphenol M (BPM), bisphenol P, bisphenol PH, bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol TMC, and bisphenol Z). We extracted infants' and toddlers' urine from diapers (
= 109) collected in Swiss daycare centers as a practical and noninvasive alternative approach to urinary biomonitoring. Bisphenols were present in 47% of the samples, with BPC and BPM being the most frequently detected (23% and 25% of all samples, respectively). The mean concentrations of urinary BPS and BPF were greater than that of BPA. This contrasts with data reported previously. Furthermore, statistical analysis revealed a significant and negative correlation between urinary BPM concentration and the population's age. Our results provide a first characterization of infants' and toddlers' exposure to bisphenols in Switzerland. This knowledge can be used to support ongoing biomonitoring studies and to prioritize exposure reduction and prevention strategies.
Steroid hormone imbalance is believed to increase the odds of developing PE. Bisphenol A (BPA) and its substitutes (e.g., bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF)) have estrogen-like effects, and its ...exposure may be related to the development of preeclampsia (PE). To explore the effects of bisphenol exposure on maternal serum steroid hormones and the potential mediating role of steroid hormones in the association between bisphenol exposure and developing PE, concentrations of bisphenols and steroid hormones in serum samples of 383 pregnant women were examined before delivery (including 160 PE cases and 223 control cases). Multivariable logistic and linear models were used to explore the associations of maternal serum bisphenols concentrations with both maternal steroid hormones and PE risk. Mediation modeling was employed to evaluate the mediating role of steroid hormones in the association between bisphenols and PE. Results showed that maternal serum BPS concentrations were positively associated with testosterone (T) concentrations. The mediation analyses suggested that approximately 10.17% of the associations between BPS concentrations and the development of PE might be mediated by maternal T. In conclusion, maternal exposure to BPS during pregnancy is linked to higher maternal T concentrations, which might increase the odds of developing PE. T might mediate the association between BPS exposure and the development of PE.Steroid hormone imbalance is believed to increase the odds of developing PE. Bisphenol A (BPA) and its substitutes (e.g., bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF)) have estrogen-like effects, and its exposure may be related to the development of preeclampsia (PE). To explore the effects of bisphenol exposure on maternal serum steroid hormones and the potential mediating role of steroid hormones in the association between bisphenol exposure and developing PE, concentrations of bisphenols and steroid hormones in serum samples of 383 pregnant women were examined before delivery (including 160 PE cases and 223 control cases). Multivariable logistic and linear models were used to explore the associations of maternal serum bisphenols concentrations with both maternal steroid hormones and PE risk. Mediation modeling was employed to evaluate the mediating role of steroid hormones in the association between bisphenols and PE. Results showed that maternal serum BPS concentrations were positively associated with testosterone (T) concentrations. The mediation analyses suggested that approximately 10.17% of the associations between BPS concentrations and the development of PE might be mediated by maternal T. In conclusion, maternal exposure to BPS during pregnancy is linked to higher maternal T concentrations, which might increase the odds of developing PE. T might mediate the association between BPS exposure and the development of PE.
Bisphenol S (BPS) is a substitute for bisphenol A in plastic manufacturing and, as a potential endocrine disruptor, may alter the physiology of the oviduct, in which fertilization and early embryo ...development take place in mammals. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of a daily dietary exposure to BPS combined with a contrasted diet on the oviduct fluid proteome using an ovine model. Eighty adult cyclic ewes were allotted to four groups (20/group): overfed (OF) consuming 50 microg/kg/day of BPS in their diet, underfed (UF) consuming 50 microg/kg/day of BPS, and non-exposed controls in each diet group. After three months, the mean body condition score, plasma levels of glucose and non-esterified fatty acids were significantly higher in OF than in UF females. The proteins in collected OF samples (50 microg) were analyzed by nanoliquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS). Overall, 1563 proteins were identified, among which 848 were quantified. Principal component analysis of the data revealed a clear discrimination of samples according to the diet and a segregation between BPS-exposed and non-exposed females in overfed ewes. Hierarchical clustering of differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) identified two clusters of 101 and 78 DAPs according to the diet. Pairwise comparisons between groups revealed a stronger effect of BPS in OF than in UF females (70 vs. 24 DAPs) and a stronger effect of the diet in BPS-exposed than non-exposed females (56 vs. 36 DAPs). Functional analysis of DAPs showed an enrichment in metabolic processes, immune system, cell response to stress, and reproductive processes. This work highlights for the first time the important impact of BPS on the oviduct proteome, with larger effects seen in OF than UF females. These results, together with previous ones, raise health concerns for everyone and call for a greater regulation of BPS in the food industry.
Extensive use of bisphenol A and its analogues has caused increasing concern over the potential adverse health impacts of these chemicals. In this study, the presence and profiles of 13 bisphenols ...(BPs) were investigated in 52 municipal sewage sludge samples collected from 30 cities in China. Tetrabromobisphenol A was the most frequently observed analogue (geometric mean: 20.5 ng/g dw). Bisphenol A (4.69 ng/g dw), bisphenol S (3.02 ng/g dw), and bisphenol F (3.84 ng/g dw) were found with similar frequency. Other BP analogues such as tetrachlorobisphenol A, bisphenol AF, bisphenol E, and dihydroxybiphenyl were identified for the first time in sewage sludge in China. Significant correlations were found among BP concentrations, but no relationships were found with wastewater treatment plant characteristics. Profiles of the relative estradiol equivalents suggested that the estrogenic potential of BP mixtures may be associated with the occurrence and contributions of specific analogues.
•The profiles of various bisphenols were studied initially in sludge in China.•Analogous abundances were found for BPA, BPS and BPF.•Halo-substituted BPs have similar portions with BPA and its ascendant alternatives.•BPAF, TCBPA, BPE and DHBP were identified for the first time in sludge in China.
We analyzed the profiles of bisphenol analogues in 52 sewage sludge samples with several bisphenols identified for the first time in wastewater treatment plants in China.
Gestational exposure to bisphenol analogues (BPs)，especially bisphenol A (BPA), has been associated with adverse pregnancy-related outcomes and altered reproductive development of offspring, but the ...underlying mechanisms are not well documented. Kisspeptin, a key regulator of reproductive health, could be the potential target for endocrine disrupting compounds like BPs. Among 528 mother-child pairs, we investigated the associations of gestational BPs exposure with kisspeptin levels in two critical life stages, pregnancy and pre-puberty. Maternal BPs and kisspeptin concentrations were measured in urine samples collected in the third trimester. Children's urine samples were collected at 6-year visit and analyzed for kisspeptin levels. Associations were observed between BPA and its alternatives and lower kisspeptin in pregnant women but higher kisspeptin in their children. In contrast, TCBPA was suggestively associated with higher kisspeptin in pregnant women but lower kisspeptin in children. Our study provides the first epidemiologic evidence that gestational exposure to selected BPs may be associated with altered kisspeptin system in both pregnant women and their children, sheds some light on the potential mechanisms underlying the various reproductive health outcomes following gestational BPA exposure, and suggests potential reproductive toxicities of other BPs in humans.
Display omitted
•Mechanisms underlying the effects of prenatal BPA exposure are not well documented.•The reproductive and developmental toxicities of other BPs are poorly understood.•Kisspeptin, a key regulator of reproductive health, could be the target for EDCs.•Selected BPs were associated with lower maternal but higher children's kisspeptin.•Gestational BPs exposure may disrupt human kisspeptin system in critical life stages.
Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highest-volume chemicals produced worldwide, and human exposure to BPA is thought to be ubiquitous. Thus, there are concerns that the amount of BPA to ...which humans are exposed may cause adverse health effects. Importantly, results from a large number of biomonitoring studies are at odds with the results from two toxicokinetic studies. Objective: We examined several possibilities for why biomonitoring and toxicokinetic studies could come to seemingly conflicting conclusions. Data sources: We examined > 80 published human biomonitoring studies that measured BPA concentrations in human tissues, urine, blood, and other fluids, along with two toxicokinetic studies of human BPA metabolism. Data extraction and synthesis: The > 80 biomonitoring studies examined included measurements in thousands of individuals from several different countries, and these studies overwhelmingly detected BPA in individual adults, adolescents, and children. Unconjugated BPA was routinely detected in blood (in the nanograms per milliliter range), and conjugated BPA was routinely detected in the vast majority of urine samples (also in the nanograms per milliliter range). In stark contrast, toxicokinetic studies proposed that humans are not internally exposed to BPA. Some regulatory agencies have relied solely on these toxicokinetic models in their risk assessments. Conclusions: Available data from biomonitoring studies clearly indicate that the general population is exposed to BPA and is at risk from internal exposure to unconjugated BPA. The two toxicokinetic studies that suggested human BPA exposure is negligible have significant deficiencies, are directly contradicted by hypothesis-driven studies, and are therefore not reliable for risk assessment purposes.
PDF
