•A new morphology of carbon plates were synthesized using natural mushroom spores.•The carbon plates exhibit nano-graphitic layers with a suitable d002-spacing (0.371 nm).•The carbon plates for Na+ ...storage exhibit outstanding specific capacity at low potential plateau (< 0.1 V vs. Na+/Na).•Natural spores with well-defined morphologies provide a vast platform for developing low cost and efficient carbon materials for Na+ storage.
Biomass derived hard carbon has been considered a sustainable solution for sodium ion storage to improve the energy density of sodium ion batteries for low cost and large-scale energy storage. However, developing this kind of carbon materials with high specific capacity at low-potential platform is a critical issue. Herein, a new structure of hard carbon plate was developed via pyrolysis of mushroom spore (Ganoderma lucidum). The spore is mainly composed of chitin, distinguished from the lignin and cellulose in widely investigated biomass. The carbon plates obtained at 1400 °C have a suitable d002-spacing (0.371 nm) and ultra-low surface area down to 14.7 m2 g−1, resulting in a high reversible total discharge capacity of 305.8 mA h g−1 with an exceptional discharge capacity of 188.0 mA h g−1 at low-potential platform (0–0.1 V vs. Na+/Na) and excellent cycle stability as anode for SIBs. Meanwhile, the proportion of low-potential capacity in total capacity is 61.5%, which is significantly superior to previously reported carbon materials prepared using biomass from advanced plants. Furthermore, a full-cell constructed using the carbon plates as anode and sodium vanadate phosphate as cathode further validates the outstanding Na+ storage performance at low-potential, in which the battery delivers a high working voltage of 3.25 V, approaching the discharge potential of 3.3 V of sodium vanadate phosphate and a considerable energy density of 199.2 W h kg−1 (based on the total mass of cathode and anode). And it is also revealed that this high capacity for Na+ storage in the low potential range is attributed to the intercalation mechanism of NaC6 as the most possible intercalation compound. The hard carbon derived from natural spores in the work presents a new route to design low cost and efficient carbon materials as advanced anode for SIBs.
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Existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures suffer from degradation in their structural capacity. These structures require strengthening and retrofitting to integrate sustainability and improve ...their serviceability and durability. RC members strengthened with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites usually suffer from FRP debonding; therefore, researchers proposed several types of sustainable materials to overcome the shortcomings of FRP composites. Limited experimental studies have been conducted for shear strengthening of RC beams using sustainable fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites; moreover, the application of 3D-printed strips in strengthening RC beams has never been established. The current research experimentally investigates the efficiency of FRCM composites, 3D-printed sheets (CD), and CFRP plates (CP) in strengthening RC beams that are weak in shear. Various strengthening configurations were adopted, including vertical, oblique, zigzag, and several-slanted layouts. Eight simply supported beams were prepared to find the most efficient shear-strengthening configuration and material for RC beams. Test results showed that FRCM and CP are both efficient for shear strengthening in terms of maximum load capacity, initial stiffness, and ductility. However, CD showed a limited effect on enhancing the performance of shear-strengthened beams. The best shear enhancement was found in the beam strengthened with vertical CP, with improvements in load-carrying capacity, stiffness, and ductility of 43%, 23%, and 23%, respectively. The vertical and oblique strengthening configurations were more efficient than the zigzag and several-slanted layouts. The ACI 440.2R-17 model yielded accurate predictions with an average (Vc, test/Vc, ACI 440) of 1.11.
Nitrogen-doped porous carbon plates have been prepared by simple and cost-effective pyrolysis carbonization of an easily available biomass-fallen camellia flower and followed by alkali activation. ...As-prepared nitrogen-doped porous carbon (aNPCP3) possesses a high specific surface area of 2318 m
2
g
−1
and abundant micro/meso-pores. As a result, the aNPCP3 samples have been demonstrated to be electrodes for supercapacitors, displaying a high specific capacitance of 354 F g
−1
at a current density of 0.2 A g
−1
and excellent cycling stability. Further, the aNPCP3 samples used as sulfur host materials for lithium-sulfur batteries exhibit a high capacity of 1210 mAh g
−1
and good cycling stability with a small capacity decay of about 0.1 % per cycle. Interestingly, it is found that their electrochemical performances are dependent on their specific surface area, pore structure, and heteroatom-doping content and type of carbon materials to a large extent. Cheapness, convenient resource, and good performance make these electrode materials displaying huge potential in cost-effective high-performance energy storage devices.
The classification of fuel cell humidifier and the current research status at home and abroad were introduced, and orthogonal experiments were designed to investigate the influence law and the degree ...of influence of fluid parameters on the thermal mass transfer characteristics of porous carbon plate humidifier. The results show that the humidity of the fluid inlet on the high-temperature side is the main factor affecting the thermal mass transfer characteristics of the porous carbon plate humidifier, followed by the fluid flow rate and the fluid inlet temperature on the high-temperature side. Therefore, the influence of high-temperature side fluid inlet humidity should be prioritized when designing the humidifier. Meanwhile, for different fuel cell systems and operating conditions, the thermal mass transfer performance of the porous carbon plate humidifier can be optimized by adjusting the fluid flow rate and high-temperature side fluid inlet temperature to improve the efficiency and service life of the fuel cell system.
From the viewpoints of volume, cost, quality, and durability, bipolar plate for fuel cell is regarded as one of the very important parts by fuel cell system manufacturers. NISSHINBO INDUSTRIES, INC. ...has been doing R&D, production, and sales for molded resin/carbon composite bipolar plats (“molded carbon plates”) since 1992. By the joint-development with NESS, Nisshinbo could develop the high-strength biopolar plates with A4 size and 0.2 mm web thickness.
Carbon‐filled plastic bands are more extensively used for strengthening the permanently exploited curved elements. As a result, the bending rigidity of the element is increased and the crack ...formation process is changed. Investigation of these problems is carried out basing on the model of laminated material, in which the mechanical properties of separate layers may have discreete different values depending on the external load volume. Practical calculations are made by numerical methods which make it possible to follow up the origin of the crack formation in the concrete, by taking into account its non‐linear deformation character. The work deals with the analysis of the beam strengthening specific character under unloaded and loaded conditions. Testing of the results is performed by using 2 m long reinforced concrete beams strengthened with carbon‐filled plastic bands.
Carbon-filled plastic bands are more extensively used for strengthening the permanently exploited curved elements. As a result, the bending rigidity of the element is increased and the crack ...formation process is changed. Investigation of these problems is carried out basing on the model of laminated material, in which the mechanical properties of separate layers may have discreete different values depending on the external load volume. Practical calculations are made by numerical methods which make it possible to follow up the origin of the crack formation in the concrete, by taking into account its non-linear deformation character. The work deals with the analysis of the beam strengthening specific character under unloaded and loaded conditions. Testing of the results is performed by using 2 m long reinforced concrete beams strengthened with carbon-filled plastic bands.
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