Purpose The purpose of the current study was to investigate the mediatory role between vigorous physical activity, body mass index (BMI), and cardiorespiratory fitness on symptoms of depression and ...their subsequent direct and indirect effects on quality of life (QoL). Methods Five hundred and seventy-six adolescents' (314 boys, 12.5 ±1.1 years) physical activity levels, cardiorespiratory fitness, BMI, levels of depressive symptoms, and QoL were measured. Structural equation modelling was used to evaluate the difference in linear structural associations between variables. Results The model suggested that cardiorespiratory fitness (β=0.16, p< 0.001) and symptoms of depression (β= – 0.52, p< 0.001) were both directly associated with physical QoL, with depressive symptoms also directly influencing psychological QoL (β= – 0.79, p< 0.01). Body mass index was indirectly associated with physical QoL, mediated by both symptoms of depression (β = – 0.06, p< 0.001) and cardiorespiratory fitness (β=0.05, p< 0.001) and psychological QoL mediated by symptoms of depression (β= – 0.09, p< 0.001). Vigorous physical activity was indirectly associated with QoL, mediated by cardiorespiratory fitness ( β= – 0.04, p< 0.001). Conclusions Models suggested that vigorous physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and BMI were associated, both directly and indirectly, with mental well-being and QoL. It could, therefore, be postulated that enhancing cardiorespiratory fitness and BMI through increasing vigorous physical activity may be beneficial to both mental well-being and QoL in adolescents.
ABSTRACTRamírez-Vélez, R, Castro-Astudillo, K, Correa-Bautista, JE, González-Ruíz, K, Izquierdo, M, García-Hermoso, A, Álvarez, C, Ramírez-Campillo, R, and Correa-Rodríguez, M. The effect of 12 weeks ...of different exercise training modalities or nutritional guidance on cardiometabolic risk factors, vascular parameters and physical fitness in overweight adultscardiometabolic high-intensity interval training-resistance training randomized controlled study. J Strength Cond Res 34(8)2178–2188, 2020—Evidence suggests that exercise training improves cardiometabolic risk factors. The aim of this study was to investigate whether 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), resistance training (RT), concurrent training (CT = HIIT + RT), or nutritional guidance (NG) induced improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors, vascular parameters, and physical fitness in overweight adults, and to compare the responses between the 4 intervention groups. This is a twelve-weeks factorial randomized design examining the effects of different exercise regimes and/or NG on anthropometric and body composition (fat and lean mass at whole body, trunk fat, fat mass index, appendicular muscle mass, and waist circumference); cardiometabolic risk factors and vascular parameters (blood lipids, fasting glucose, blood pressure, flow-mediated dilation FMD%, aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), and augmentation index); and physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness and handgrip strength). Adjusted mixed linear models revealed a significant improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness (mL·kg·min)HIIT +8.3, RT +4.1, and CT +6.3 (all p < 0.001). The improvement difference between the groups was statistically significant between the HIIT and NG group (p = 0.014), (time × group interaction F(23.564); p < 0.001; η partial = 0.365). In addition, the RT and CT groups have a significant positive impact on PWV (m·s) (d = 0.391 and 0.229 respectively; p < 0.001, (time × group interaction F(5.457); p = 0.003; η partial = 0.280). Hereafter, the RT group has a significant positive impact on the FMD (%) in comparison to HIIT, CT, or NG group (time × group interaction F(2.942); p = 0.044; η partial = 0.174). The main findings of this study are that 12 weeks of HIIT leads to significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, whereas RT resulted in improvements in the vascular profile, supporting the positive effect of both training programs for cardiometabolic risk factors in sedentary and overweight adults.
Active transportation is defined as self-propelled, human-powered transportation modes, such as walking and bicycling. In this article, we review the evidence that reliance on gasoline-powered ...transportation is contributing to global climate change, air pollution, and physical inactivity and that this is harmful to human health. Global climate change poses a major threat to human health and in the future could offset the health gains achieved over the last 100 yr. Based on hundreds of scientific studies, there is strong evidence that human-caused greenhouse gas emissions are contributing to global climate change. Climate change is associated with increased severity of storms, flooding, rising sea levels, hotter climates, and drought, all leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Along with increases in atmospheric CO2, other pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter (e.g., PM2.5) are released by combustion engines and industry, which can lead to pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Also, as car ownership and vehicle miles traveled have increased, the shift toward motorized transport has contributed to physical inactivity. Each of these global challenges has resulted in, or is projected to result in, millions of premature deaths each year. One of the ways that nations can mitigate the health consequences of climate change, air pollution, and chronic diseases is through the use of active transportation. Research indicates that populations that rely heavily on active transportation enjoy better health and increased longevity. In summary, active transportation has tremendous potential to simultaneously address three global public health challenges of the 21st century.
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and endurance performance are characterized by a complex genetic trait with high heritability. Although research has identified many physiological and environmental ...correlates with CRF, the genetic architecture contributing to CRF remains unclear, especially in non-athlete population. A total of 762 Chinese young female participants were recruited and an endurance run test was used to determine CRF. We used a fixed model of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for CRF. Genotyping was performed using the Affymetrix Axiom and illumina 1 M arrays. After quality control and imputation, a linear regression-based association analysis was conducted using a total of 5,149,327 variants. Four loci associated with CRF were identified to reach genome-wide significance (P < 5.0 × 10
), which located in 15q21.3 (rs17240160, P = 1.73 × 10
, GCOM1), 3q25.31 (rs819865, P = 8.56 × 10
, GMPS), 21q22.3 (rs117828698, P = 9.59 × 10
, COL18A1), and 17q24.2 (rs79806428, P = 3.85 × 10
, PRKCA). These loci (GCOM1, GMPS, COL18A1 and PRKCA) associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and endurance performance in Chinese non-athlete young females. Our results suggest that these gene polymorphisms provide further genetic evidence for the polygenetic nature of cardiorespiratory endurance and be used as genetic biomarkers for future research.
Current anticancer treatments for breast cancer (BC) may cause cardiotoxicity. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of aerobic exercise in mitigating cardiotoxicity caused by BC therapy.
...PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database were searched until February 7, 2023. Clinical trials investigating the effectiveness of exercise training, including aerobic exercise, in BC patients receiving treatments that could cause cardiotoxicity were eligible. Outcome measures included cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) (peak oxygen consumption, VO2peak), left ventricular ejection fraction, and peak oxygen pulse. Intergroup differences were determined by standard mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was utilized to ensure whether the current evidence was conclusive.
Sixteen trials involving 876 participants were included. Aerobic exercise significantly improved CRF measured by VO2peak in mL/kg/min (SMD 1.79, 95% CI 0.99-2.59) when compared to usual care. This result was confirmed through TSA. Subgroup analyses revealed that aerobic exercise given during BC therapy significantly improved VO2peak (SMD 1.84, 95% CI 0.74-2.94). Exercise prescriptions at a frequency of up to 3 times per week, an intensity of moderate to vigorous, and a >30-minute session length also improved VO2peak.
Aerobic exercise is effective in improving CRF when compared to usual care. Exercise performed up to 3 times per week, at a moderate-to-vigorous intensity, and having a session length >30 minutes is considered effective. Future high-quality research is needed to determine the effectiveness of exercise intervention in preventing cardiotoxicity caused by BC therapy.
The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effectiveness of adjunctive aerobic exercise in mitigating cardiotoxicity caused by breast cancer therapy. The current evidence shows that cardiorespiratory fitness significantly improves after the intervention, while left ventricular ejection fraction and peak oxygen pulse did not receive any significant effects.
In this work, we propose to use pattern recognition methods to determine submaximal heart rate (HR) during specific contexts, such as walking at a certain speed, using wearable sensors in free ...living, and using context-specific HR to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). CRF of 51 participants was assessed by a maximal exertion test (V̇o2 max). Participants wore a combined accelerometer and HR monitor during a laboratory-based simulation of activities of daily living and for 2 wk in free living. Anthropometrics, HR while lying down, and walking at predefined speeds in laboratory settings were used to estimate CRF. Explained variance (R(2)) was 0.64 for anthropometrics, and increased up to 0.74 for context-specific HR (0.73-0.78 when including fat-free mass). Next, we developed activity recognition and walking speed estimation algorithms to determine the same contexts (i.e., lying down and walking) in free living. Context-specific HR in free living was highly correlated with laboratory measurements (Pearson's r = 0.71-0.75). R(2) for CRF estimation was 0.65 when anthropometrics were used as predictors, and increased up to 0.77 when including free-living context-specific HR (i.e., HR while walking at 5.5 km/h). R(2) varied between 0.73 and 0.80 when including fat-free mass among the predictors. Root mean-square error was reduced from 354.7 to 281.0 ml/min by the inclusion of context-specific HR parameters (21% error reduction). We conclude that pattern recognition techniques can be used to contextualize HR in free living and estimated CRF with accuracy comparable to what can be obtained with laboratory measurements of HR response to walking.
Previous studies have shown that aerobic exercise with cycle ergometer improves motor control.
The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis are to evaluate evidence about the effects of ...aerobic exercise with cycle ergometer on the balance of post-stroke patients, evaluated by the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and functional capacity, evaluated by the maximal oxygen intake and six-minute walk test (6MWT).
The research was conducted on MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, and Google Scholar until March 2018 (CRD42015020146). Two independent reviewers performed the article selection, data extraction, and methodological quality assessment. The main outcome was balance assessed by the Berg scale and the secondary outcome was functional capacity of the maximal oxygen intake and the 6MWT. Meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects method, and mean pre-post intervention difference with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI).
The review included 5 papers and a total of 258 patients. It was observed that the cycle ergometer did not improve balance in this population (0.03 −0.57 to 0.64 p = 0.91) or functional capacity in maximal oxygen intake (2.40 −0.24 to 5.04 p = 0.07) and 6MWT (−40.49 −131.70 to 50.72 p = 0.38).
The cycle ergometer aerobic exercise did not seem to improve balance or functional capacity in post-stroke patients.
IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION
Aerobic exercise with cycle ergometer does not improve balance in patients after chronic stroke, but the results for functional capacity are more promising.
Beneficial changes in functional capacity can be seen after 12-4 weeks of training, and are dependent on the initial level of physical fitness of each individual.
The use of the cycle-ergometer to improve balance and functional capacity was not superior when compared to conventional physiotherapy; therefore, a combination of therapeutic modalities would be ideal for rehabilitation and post-stroke patients.
Associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and brain health in healthy older adults have been reported using a variety of cardiorespiratory fitness estimates (CRFe). Using commonly used methods ...to determine CRF, we assessed the relationship between CRFe and executive function performance. Healthy older adults (
n
= 60, mean age 68 years, 77% women), underwent three CRF tests: a Maximal Graded Exercise Test performed on a cycle ergometer, the Rockport Fitness Walking Test, and a Non-Exercise Prediction Equation. Executive function was assessed by a computerized cognitive assessment using an N-Back task (updating cost) and a Stroop task (interference cost, global and local switch cost). Multiple hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between different CRFe and executive function performance. Regardless of age and education, cardiorespiratory fitness estimated from the Maximal Graded Exercise Test and the Rockport Fitness Walking Test was significantly associated with the global switch cost. All CRFe were associated with the interference cost. No association was observed between CRFe and local switching costs or the updating costs. In the present study, not all subcomponents of executive function were related to CRFe. Interestingly, the executive functions that were associated with CRFe are those that are known to be the most affected by aging.
Physical literacy is a multidimensional concept that describes a holistic foundation for physical activity engagement. Understanding the utilization and effectiveness of physical literacy in the ...context of health and the health care setting will support clinical and population health programming. The purpose of this rapid scoping review was to: 1) map the conceptualization of physical literacy as it relates to health; 2) identify and describe the utilization of physical literacy in the context of health and engagement of health care providers; and 3) better understand the relationship between physical literacy, physical activity, and health.
Following established scoping review methods adapted for a rapid review approach, we searched electronic databases Medline OVID, CINAHL Ebsco, PsycInfo Ebsco, Web of Science ISI, and ERIC Ebsco from conception until September 2019. Tabulation coding was used to identify the key themes across included articles and synthesize findings. The review follows an integrated knowledge translation approach based on a partnership between the health system, community organizations, and researchers.
Following removal of duplicates, our search identified 475 articles for title and abstract screening. After full text review, 17 articles were included (12 original research papers and five conceptual or review papers). There was near consensus among included papers with 16 of 17 using the Whiteheadian definition of physical literacy. There was limited involvement of health care providers in the concept of physical literacy. Physical literacy was connected to the following health indicators: BMI and body weight, waist circumference, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and sedentary behaviour. The primary demographic focus of included studies was children and there was a conceptual focus on the physical domain of physical literacy.
Despite growing popularity, the empirical evidence base linking physical literacy and health outcomes is limited and the relationship remains theoretical. Physical literacy may present a novel and holistic framework for health-enhancing physical activity interventions that consider factors vital to sustained participation in physical activity across the life course. Future work should continue to explore the nature and direction of the relationship between physical activity and physical literacy to identify appropriate focused approaches for health promotion.
Moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) improves cardiovascular health. Few studies have examined MVPA timing. We examined the associations of timing of bout-related MVPA with ...cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular risk in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Baseline 7-day hip-worn accelerometry data from Look AHEAD participants (
= 2,153, 57% women) were analyzed to identify bout-related MVPA (≥3 METs/min for ≥10 min). Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by maximal graded exercise test. Participants were categorized into six groups on the basis of the time of day with the majority of bout-related MVPA (METs × min): ≥50% of bout-related MVPA during the same time window (morning, midday, afternoon, or evening), <50% of bout-related MVPA in any time category (mixed; the reference group), and ≤1 day with bout-related MVPA per week (inactive).
Cardiorespiratory fitness was highly associated with timing of bout-related MVPA (
= 0.0005), independent of weekly bout-related MVPA volume and intensity. Importantly, this association varied by sex (
= 0.02). In men, the midday group had the lowest fitness (β = -0.46 95% CI -0.87, -0.06), while the mixed group in women was the least fit. Framingham risk score (FRS) was associated with timing of bout-related MVPA (
= 0.02), which also differed by sex (
= 0.0007). The male morning group had the highest 4-year FRS (2.18% 0.70, 3.65), but no association was observed in women.
Timing of bout-related MVPA is associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular risk in men with type 2 diabetes, independent of bout-related MVPA volume and intensity. Prospective studies are needed to determine the impacts of MVPA timing on cardiovascular health.
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