Menschen zu sein Kiklewicz, Aleksander; Mazurkiewicz-Sułkowska, Julia; Pociechina, Helena
Zeitschrift für Slawistik,
11/2021, Volume:
66, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This essay focuses on the sociocultural and semiotic aspects of the discourse of protests sparked by the rigged presidential election in Belarus, in August 2020. The mass demonstrations, using ...symbolic items (such as posters, slogans, exclamation marks, performances, posts in the social networks on the Internet, etc.) have been analyzed as a type of social discourse. The focus is on the peculiarity and the most distinctive features of the protest movement in Belarus. In particular, the following socio-political and cultural characteristics of Belarusian protest discourses are considered: 1) rejecting stereotypes (especially the tolerance stereotype, blr. pamjarkoŭnas’c’); 2) Belarusian protest tradition; 3) historical and geopolitical factors of the Belarusian protest movement; 4) the discursive systems; 5) the carnival. The emphasis is on linguistic forms of creativity, especially the protest slogans. In addition, the extensive scientific literature addressing such discourses is discussed.
The institutionalization of sustainability agendas on the local and global levels has largely failed to deliver the promised change. In this essay, we develop the idea of sustainability metamorphosis ...as a way to break with the pathological paradigm of sustainable development that weakens society’s capacity to transform in the face of global crises. Sustainability metamorphosis, in our understanding, draws on the Bakthian perspective of carnivalization and dialogical truth. In this sense, sustainability metamorphosis is an outlook on change in society and a source of strategies for long-term societal change. Our understanding of metamorphosis is inspired by the historical and literary understandings that saw ungraspable forces, acting upon both inner and outer worlds, and suspended hierarchies as the sources of necessary but inconvenient change.
RESUMO Neste artigo demonstra-se uma alteração discursiva no engajamento em manifestações políticas de rua a partir de um debate acerca da relação entre o funcionamento da linguagem e o aparato ...tecnológico que continuamente organiza a interação social. O fenômeno em foco é flagrado no modo de assinar os enunciados que constituem essas manifestações. Para isso, analisam-se enunciados de dois momentos políticos brasileiros: as manifestações conhecidas como “diretas já” entre 1983 e 1984 e as manifestações de pauta mais alargada de 2013. De um ponto de vista dialógico, identifica-se uma distinção enunciativo-discursiva quanto à assinatura ética nas manifestações evidenciando uma tensão pós-moderna.
ABSTRACT In this article, a discursive change in the way one can engage in political street demonstrations is shown through a debate about the relationship between how language functions and the technological apparatus that continuously organize social interactions. This phenomenon is examined in the signatures of enunciations that constitute those demonstrations. To accomplish this, the enunciations of two Brazilian political movements are analyzed: the demonstrations known as ‘direct (elections) now’, in 1983 and 1984, and the larger agenda 2013 demonstrations. From a dialogic point of view, one identifies an enunciative-discursive distinction in the ethical signature of the demonstrations, evincing a postmodern tension.
The article examines new Internet strategies of acquiring an audience with the help of comical content. In order to achieve a positive public resonance, it suffices for a person to create his comical ...digital double and act on behalf of a laughing copy. The problem arises connected not so much with the demand for communication based on carnival-game, bodily experience, as with the erroneous identification of carnival-play bodily activity with Internet computer technologies for constructing digital laughter. The author draws attention to the fact that not only young people born in the 1990s and the 2000s, but also the older generation of adults born in the 1960s, do not always distinguish Internet humor from live laughter and carnival communication. The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of two models of communication. The first model is based on the carnivalization in a live environment with a minimal percentage of usage of digital technologies. The second model is based on the use in both live and Internet communication of mostly digital algorithms for generating comical texts, which, on the one hand, facilitate the process of creating and discerning comical texts and, on the other hand, formally develop and consolidate the Internet users’ stereotypical stimulus-reaction to comical messages. In this regard, the author is concerned about the possible prospect of the emergence of new criteria, which is not as much «funny» or “comic,” as it is “carnival-like,” which leaves aside the direct, live verbal-nonverbal laughing dialogue. The author concedes that the expanding “carnival illiteracy” is connected with the demand for mostly operational skills and algorithms of constructing ironic or humorous texts in the Internet space, forming a limited or truncated perception of the carnival phenomenon and process, hence, significantly deforming it. В статье рассматриваются новые интернет-стратегии завоевания аудитории за счет комического контента. Чтобы иметь положительный публичный резонанс, человеку достаточно создать своего комического цифрового двойника и выступать от лица смеховой копии. Возникает проблема, связанная не столько с востребованностью коммуникации, основанной на карнавально-игровом, телесном опыте, сколько с ошибочным отождествлением карнавально-игровой телесной активности с компьютерными Интернет-технологиями конструирования цифрового смеха. Автор обращает внимание на то, что не только молодые люди, рожденные в 2000-х и в 90-х годах XX века, но и более старшее поколение взрослых, рожденных в 60-г. XX века, не всегда отличает интернет-юмор от живого смеха и карнавального общения. В статье представлены результаты сравнительного анализа двух моделей коммуникации. Одна модель основана на карнавализации в живой среде с минимальным процентом использования цифровых технологий. Вторая модель построена на использовании в живом общении и в Интернет-коммуникации преимущественно цифровых алгоритмов генерирования комических текстов, которые, с одной стороны, облегчают процесс создания и распознавания комических текстов, с другой стороны, формально вырабатывают и закрепляют у интернет-пользователей шаблонные стимул-реакции на комические сообщения. У автора статьи вызывает опасение возможная перспектива появления новых критериев не столько «смешного» и «комического», сколько «карнавала», выносящая за скобки непосредственный, живой вербально-невербальный смеховой диалог. Автор допускает, что растущая «карнавальная безграмотность» связана с востребованностью в интернет-пространстве преимущественно операциональных умений и алгоритмов построения иронических или юмористических текстов, формируя ограниченное, усеченное представление о карнавальном явлении и процессе, существенно деформируя его.
Following the results of the presidential election in Belarus in August 2020, mass protests broke out in the country. These events completely changed the life of the entire country for several ...months, mainly that of large-city inhabitants. One of the characteristics visible during the largest wave of protests was linguistic phenomena. These include an increase of the prestige of the Belarusian language in cities, a positive attitude to regionalisms and so-called trasianka, as well the introduction of new toponyms by protesters. These are the issues to which this article is devoted.
The article deals with an issue of the widespread distribution of anecdotes about the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia and demonstrates the relevance and necessity of theoretical understanding of this ...phenomenon. The importance of the research problem is due to the need of recreating the models of situation perception which are reflected in the texts as well as tracing public reaction to the current events and ideological attitudes. The research aim is to identify the peculiarities of the problematics and poetics of the anecdotes about coronavirus infection. The analysis of the regularities in functioning of humorous miniatures shows that a number of genre-forming features of an anecdote are partially restored due to digital technologies. The study reveals that witticisms adapt to the changed communication conditions. Under the conditions of a declared emergency, the electronic method of information transmission sometimes becomes the only possible option. The problematic of anecdotes relevant during the period of 2020 and 2021 indicates that collective consciousness is sensitive to manifestations of the epidemic process. The article lists and characterizes the main thematic groups of anecdotes, their leading motifs and images. Obsessions with eroticism as well as the focus on violation of official taboos are noted. The study found that the actualization of the idea of national identity is an effective way of getting positive emotions. The findings include the figures of speech and expressive means that form the automatism of perception and its unexpected destruction in the final formulas. The article concludes by identifying the literary device of anthropomorphization of the coronavirus image as well as the key functions of the "COVID-19" anecdotes, including communicative, compensatory, psychotherapeutic and harmonizing functions.
The relevance of the article is due to the need to reflect on a new cultural phenomenon that presents the cultural practices of modern chronotopos. The philosophical and cultural concepts of the ...state of culture are analyzed and the tendencies reflecting instability (transitivity), uncertainty, ambivalence of cultural practices and carnivalization of all spheres of life are revealed. The philosophical reflection of the essence, character, signs of carnivalization made it possible to explicate the phenomenon of "carnival" through its ideological and behavioral components. In the context of the dialogue of medieval and contemporary culture, the essence of carnivalization as a phenomenon of culture is revealed. This context is considered as a special means of restoring the integrity of worldview, world outlook, world attitude. The problem of cultural practices orientation to their value-semantic (axiological) uplift is also actualized. The nature and essence of such categories as "carnival laughter", "carnival freedom", "carnival behavior", "ambivalence" are investigated, characteristic features of carnivalisation are identified and it can be considered as a way of modeling and constructing contemporary cultural reality. The fact that the modern cultural space creates conditions not only for the functioning of carnivalization within the primary function - renewal, creation of a new life-world, but also a new world-view and meaning-making. The constructive role of cultural dialogue in the process of praxeological growth of the subjects of carnivalization has been determined. It is shown that the concept of carnivalization of Mikhail Bakhtin remains relevant at the present stage of cultural development. The discovery of carnivalization as a certain signal of the crisis of culture and the way out of it gives reason to consider carnivalization as a factor of self-organization of culture, as a complex organized system.
This article proposes an analysis of Luis Buñuel’s play Hamlet. The analysis is done from Mijaíl Bajtín’s main concepts of the Carnival Theory: popular culture, carnivalization, grotesque and ...laughter. It represents a contribution to the lacking knowledge around a marginal text in the scope of literary criticism as well as drama criticism. It states that Buñuel’s play is an ambivalent, open, intertextual, irreverent and parodic text.
Este artículo plantea un análisis de la obra Hamlet de Luis Buñuel. El análisis se realiza a partir de los principales conceptos de la Teoría del Carnaval de Mijaíl Bajtín: la cultura popular, la carnavalización, el grotesco y la risa. Representa un aporte al estudio de un texto que ha tenido una posición marginal, tanto en la crítica literaria como en las artes dramáticas. Se señala que este texto es ambivalente, abierto, intertextual, irreverente y paródico.
The objective of this paper is to reflect upon what is conventionally referred to as the post-abolitionist period. It is an analysis derived from studies on the associations of black and mestizo ...people in the city of Vitória da Conquista (Brazil),amid the political and cultural transitions in the carnivalization process in the second half of the 20th century. The methodology consisted of the interpretation of the iconography, especiallyphotographs of the carnival, and the analysis of the first-hand accounts of the people whose formation of the memory was linked to those groups which held the street carnival, from thepredicates of oral history, articulating postulates from history and other fundamental social disciplines in order to approach the memory. With this investigation, it can be inferred that it is possible to alter the academic use of the post-abolitionist category in the epistemological field of history, substracting its sense of periodization, and inverting the thematic meaning conferred by the inscription of the memory of the struggles forliberty and citizenship of black and mestizo people, making use of a new category: historiographic memory.
Cet article se propose de réfléchir sur ce l’on nomme d’habitude la période post-abolition. Il s’agit d’une analyse dérivée des études sur les associations de noirs et de métis dans la villede Vitória da Conquista (Brésil), au moment des changements politiques et culturels marqués par la carnavalisation dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle. La méthodologie comporte une interprétation de l’iconographie, spécialement lesphotographies du carnaval et l’analyse des récits des personnes dont la formation de la mémoire était liée aux groupes qui participaient au carnaval dans la rue. Cette recherche permet de comprendre qu’il est possible de manier l’usage académique de la catégorie post-abolition dans le champ épistémologique de l’Histoire tout en inversant le sens conféré à l’inscription de la mémoire des luttes pour la liberté et la citoyenneté des noirs et des métis en faisant appel à une catégorie nouvelle: la mémoire historiographique.
O objetivo deste texto é refletir sobre o que se convencionou chamar de período pós-abolição numa análise derivada dos estudos sobre as associações negras e mestiças da cidade de Vitória da Conquista (Brasil) entre trânsitos políticos e culturais no processo de carnavalização na segunda metade do século XX. A metodologia consistiu em análise da iconografia coligida na pesquisa de doutorado, sobretudo fotografias docarnaval, e análise dos relatos de pessoas cuja formação de memória esteve ligada aos grupos que faziam o carnaval de rua, a partir dos predicados da história oral, articulando postulados de diversas disciplinas no campo das ciências sociais coalescentes à multimodalidade da memória. A pesquisa permite concluir que é possível alterar o uso acadêmico da categoria pós-abolição no campo epistemológico da História, subtraindo seu sentido de periodização, investindo o sentido temático conferido pela inscrição de memória das lutas por liberdade e cidadania de negros e mestiços, fazendo uso deuma nova categoria: a memória historiográfica.
El objetivo de este texto es reflexionar sobre lo que convencionalmente se denomina período post-abolición en un análisis derivado de los estudios sobre las asociaciones de negros y mestizos en la ciudad de Vitória da Conquista (Brasil) entre los tránsitos políticos y culturales en el proceso del carnavalización en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. La metodología consistió en el análisis de la iconografía recopilada en la investigación doctoral, especialmente las fotografías del carnaval, y el análisis de los relatos de las personas cuya formación de la memoria estaba vinculada a los grupos que realizaban el carnaval de la calle, desde los predicados de la historia oral, articulando postulados de diversas disciplinas del campo de las ciencias sociales cohesionando la multimodalidad de la memoria. La investigación permite concluir que es posible alterar el uso académico de la categoría post-abolición en el campo epistemológico de la Historia, sustrayendo su sentido de periodización, invirtiendo el sentido temático conferido por la inscripción de la memoria de las luchas por la libertad y la ciudadanía de los negros y mestizos, haciendo uso de una nueva categoría: la memoria historiográfica.
The institutionalization of sustainability agendas on the local and global levels has largely failed to deliver the promised change. In this essay, we develop the idea of sustainability metamorphosis ...as a way to break with the pathological paradigm of sustainable development that weakens society’s capacity to transform in the face of global crises. Sustainability metamorphosis, in our understanding, draws on the Bakthian perspective of carnivalization and dialogical truth. In this sense, sustainability metamorphosis is an outlook on change in society and a source of strategies for long-term societal change. Our understanding of metamorphosis is inspired by the historical and literary understandings that saw ungraspable forces, acting upon both inner and outer worlds, and suspended hierarchies as the sources of necessary but inconvenient change.
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