The U.S. dollar holds a dominant place in the invoicing of international trade. In addition to a direct role for most U.S. exports and imports, it plays a global role for trade flows outside the ...United States. Using a simple center–periphery model, we show that this global role magnifies the exposure of periphery countries to the U.S.'s monetary policy even when trade flows with the U.S. are limited. This generates gains from coordinated monetary policy, as U.S. policy leads to inefficient movements in intra-periphery relative prices. Despite this inefficiency, flexible exchange rates remain valuable.
The center‐periphery hypothesis predicts a decline in population performance toward the periphery of a species' range, reflecting an alteration of environmental conditions at range periphery. ...However, the rare demographic tests of this hypothesis failed to disentangle the role of geography from that of ecological niche and are biased toward temperate regions. We hypothesized that, because species are expected to experience optimal abiotic conditions at their climatic niche center, (1) central populations will have better demographic growth, survival, and fertility than peripheral populations. As a result, (2) central populations are expected to have higher growth rates than peripheral populations. Peripheral populations are expected to decline, thus limiting species range expansion beyond these boundaries. Because peripheral populations are expected to be in harsh environmental conditions, (3) population growth rate will be more sensitive to perturbation of survival‐growth rather than fertility in peripheral populations. Finally, we hypothesized that (4) soils properties will drive the variations in population growth rates for narrowly distributed species for which small scale ecological factors could outweigh landscape level drivers. To test these hypotheses, we studied the demography of Thunbergia atacorensis (Acanthaceae), a range‐limited herb in West Africa. We collected three years of demographic data to parameterize an integral projection model (IPM) and estimated population level demographic statistics. Demographic vital rates and population growth rates did not change significantly with distance from geographic or climatic center, contrary to predictions. However, populations at the center of the geographic range were demographically more resilient to perturbation than those at the periphery. Soil nitrogen was the main driver of population growth rate variation. The relative influence of survival‐growth on population growth rates exceeded that of fertility at the geographic range center while we observed the opposite pattern for climatic niche. Our study highlights the importance of local scale processes in shaping the dynamics and distribution of range‐limited species. Our findings also suggest that the distinction between geographic distribution and climatic niche is important for a robust demographic test of the center‐periphery hypothesis.
Osmanlı Devleti 1722-47 yılları arasında İran’da uzun süren savaşlara katıldı. Bu makale, Batı’da barışın sağlandığı ve Doğu’da savaş ihtimalinin günden güne arttığı 1718-1722 yılları arası dönemde ...Osmanlı hükümetinin imparatorluğun güneydoğu bölgelerinde yaptığı hazırlıkları ele almaktadır. Makale Suriye ve Irak’taki askerî ve siyasî nizamın tesisi faaliyetlerini merkez-çevre ilişkileri bağlamında Osmanlı arşiv kaynaklarını esas alarak incelemekte, Osmanlı merkezî otoritesinin Suriye ve Irak’taki gücünün imkânlarını ve sınırlarını tartışmaktadır. Araştırmanın bulguları, Bâbıâli’nin bir yandan sert önlemler (sopa), diğer yandan önemli tavizlerle (havuç) merkezi otoriteyi sağlamaya çalıştığını göstermektedir.
The Ottoman Empire participated in long-lasting wars on the Iranian front between 1722 and 1747. This article deals with the preparations the Sublime Porte made in the empire’s southeast between 1718 and 1722, when peace was established in the west and the possibility of war in the east increased day by day. The article specifically examines the Porte’s measures to establish military and political order in today’s Syria and Iraq in the context of center-periphery relations, based on Ottoman archival sources. It discusses the power and limitations of the Ottoman central authority in Syria and Iraq. One of the article’s main arguments is that the Sublime Porte tried to establish the central authority with employing strict measures (stick) on the one hand and making important concessions (carrot) on the other.
Abstract
International publications in social sciences by scholars based in mainland China have been increasing in volume, but little is known about the characteristics of China’s contribution. This ...study examines the characteristics and patterns of international publications by Chinese scholars in higher education research. Data from three internationalized higher education journals were analyzed from 2000 to 2022. The results show a consistent pattern of continuous growth in the annual number of published articles with Chinese affiliations, with a marked increase since 2016. International collaborations are the most common type of publication, a pattern that contrasts with other articles in the same journal. In addition, returnee scholars have made significant contributions to international publications. Finally, the research of Chinese scholars is as influential as that of their international peers in terms of citation counts. These findings highlight the constrained agency of Chinese actors in the center-periphery structure of the global knowledge production networks.
The center‐periphery hypothesis predicts that species are most abundant at the center of their distribution range. Differential herbivory rates between center and periphery populations can explain ...this variation in species abundance. However, if the geographic center of a species distribution coincides with its ecological optimum, the resource availability hypothesis predicts higher herbivory rates and tolerances at the center compared to the periphery. Biogeographical studies on herbivory have treated these two mechanisms separately, limiting our mechanistic understanding of the role of herbivory in shaping species range limits. We analyzed the role of resource availability on herbivory variation from center to periphery using data collected across the distribution of Thunberbia atacorensis, a range‐limited species of West Africa. We used two types of distances: geographic distance (the distance from each plot to the geographic center of all populations) and climatic distance (the distance from each plot to the preferendum of the species). We found no increase in herbivory toward the periphery of the climatic and geographic ranges. However, herbivory rates increased with soil nitrogen. Soil nitrogen decreased from the center to the periphery of the climatic range. Phylogenetic diversity and competition from surrounding plants did not affect herbivory rates. Our study provides insights into how nutrient limitation can shape species center‐periphery distribution by altering spatial variation in herbivory rates.
The center‐periphery hypothesis predicts that species are more abundant at the center than the periphery of their range. Therefore, one would thereby expect higher herbivory rates at the periphery than at the center, possibly explaining the capacity of biotic drivers to negatively influence and limit range expansion. Here, we showed that plant nutrient limitation does not favor species’ ability to compensate lost tissue at the periphery and this may ultimately drive species limitation.
This article offers a critical rereading of Şerif Mardin's center-periphery framework. This cleavage has offered a simple and politically appealing theoretical foundation to scholarly and ...journalistic works for several decades. Empirical evidence, however, suggests institutions and worldviews have not been continuous across time, as the center-periphery framework suggests. Furthermore, disagreements and conflicts among groups perceived as peripheral, the fluidity of relationships between peripheral and central actors, and the lack of cohesion within the institutions of the center leave no reason to maintain the center-periphery cleavage as an organizing framework. The authoritarian turn in Turkey in the 2010s under the Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi invites further scrutiny of the framework. Future research should take into consideration historical patterns and events that do not fit into the binary framework, pay attention to micro-level dynamics within and between social actors and institutions, incorporate strategic decision making into theoretical models, acknowledge the interconnectedness and hybridity of ideologies and worldviews, and conduct comparative research.
This article employs regressive and spatial analyses to understand the correlates of the CHP's electoral support from the first competitive elections in 1950 to the present. We find that despite some ...continuities in its constituency, the CHP's voter base has changed significantly with regards to key political and social dynamics such as the Kurdish vote, effective number of parties, and urbanization. The findings give credence to the role of political leadership as well as the evolutionary capability of the party, both of which can have important implications regarding the future electoral trajectory of the party and of Turkey's political regime.
Given the geopolitical tensions involving western nations with China and Russia, this paper investigates the extent to which China and Russia have turned toward one another, or increased their ...scientific collaboration. It uses bibliometric data to examine trends in China-Russia co-publications from 2013 to 2022 and the value that collaboration has had for each country’s scientific output. The findings reveal that China-Russia co-publications increased markedly, and the majority of the growth occurred in multilateral co-publications. Moreover, for Russia, China has emerged as a more important international collaborator, but for China, the importance of Russia has remained relatively the same. Likewise, collaborations with China contributed more to growth in Russia’s publication output compared to Russia’s contribution to China’s growth in output. Finally, China-Russia co-publications tended to occur in physics and astronomy and other applied science fields. These findings have implications for future collaboration between the two countries and potential challenges to the Euro-American dominance in global science.
This article takes as its departure point the questions 'Which discourses figure in the news media's coverage of natural disasters?' and 'What are the possible unintended consequences of this type of ...crisis communication?' The overall aim is to elucidate the development of risk discourses, struggles over discursive legitimacy, and shifts in argumentation to legitimate or delegitimate certain actors and actions in relation to a widespread and devastating wildfire in the summer of 2014 in Sweden. The chosen media outlets are one national agenda-setting morning newspaper, one national evening tabloid, and one local newspaper. All coverage in these newspapers from the period of the wildfire (1-31 August 2014) were selected and analyzed. By employing a critical discourse analysis of three different newspapers' crisis communication flows during the one-month-long wildfire, we show how crisis communication is in fact embedded in discourses of power related to gender and rurality.
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