지역 간 간호사 배치수준 격차 해소에 필요한 임상간호사수 추정과 임금 격차와의 관련성 분석 조성현; 이지윤; 김진현 ...
Kanho Haengjŏng Hakhoe chi = The journal of Korean Nursing Administration Academic Society,
03/2024, Volume:
30, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
연구목적: 수도권과 비수도권의 간호사 배치수준 격차를 해소하는데 필요한 임상간호사수를 추정하고, 지역간 배치수준 격차와 임금 격차와의 관련성을 분석하는 것이다. 연구방법: 인구와 환자수, 신규면허자수, 임상간호사수, 임금에 관한 공공데이터를 사용하여 인구당 신규면허자수, 인구당 임상간호사수, 환자당 임상간호사수(배치수준), 연평균임금의 수도권과 비수도권 ...차이를 분석하였다. 지역간 배치수준 격차를 해소하는 데 추가적으로 필요한 임상간호사수는 수도권과 비수도권의 배치수준 차이에 배치수준이 낮은 지역의 환자수를 곱하여 계산하였다. 연구결과: 2002∼2022년에 신규면허자는 수도권에 71,107명, 비수도권에 243,611명 공급되었고, 임상간호사수는 수도권에서 91,886명, 비수도권에서 88,070명 증가하였다. 인구당 임상간호사수는 비수도권에서 많았고, 환자당 임상간호사수는 수도권에서 많았다. 지역간 배치수준 격차를 해소하기 위해 비수도권에서 추가로 고용해야 할 임상간호사수는 2020년에 31,330명이었다. 임상간호사의 연평균임금은 수도권에서 높았고, 지역간 임금 격차는 2011∼2020년 기간에 걸쳐 증가하였다. 지역간 연평균임금 격차가 증가할수록 지역간 배치수준 격차와 추가 필요간호사수가 증가하였다. 결론: 비수도권 의료기관의 배치수준과 임금 향상을 유도하는 정부 및 건강보험정책이 필요하다. Purpose: To estimate the number of practicing nurses required to resolve staffing differences between capital and non-capital regions and analyze the relationship between regional differences in staffing and salary. Methods: Using public data on population, patients, newly licensed nurses, practicing nurses, and annual salaries, regional differences were analyzed in newly licensed nurses per population, practicing nurses per population, practicing nurses per patient (i.e., staffing level), and salary. The number of additionally required practicing nurses was estimated by multiplying staffing differences by the number of patients in the lower-staffed region. Results: During 2002~2022, 71,107 and 243,611 newly licensed nurses were supplied, while the number of practicing nurses increased by 91,886 and 88,070 in the capital and non-capital regions, espectively. The non-capital region had more practicing nurses per population, whereas the capital region had more practicing nurses per patient. In 2020, 31,330 practicing nurses were additionally required in the non-capital region. Salaries were higher in the capital region, and regional salary differences increased during 2011~2020. Regional salary differences were associated with regional staffing differences and the number of additionally required practicing nurses. Conclusion: Government and health insurance policies are required to encourage hospitals in the non-capital region to improve staffing and salaries. KCI Citation Count: 0
Il paper elabora uno schema di “riproduzione” capitalistica che delinea una condizione di “zero stazionario” della “centralizzazione del capitale” a livello internazionale. Sviluppando le indagini ...sui possibili nessi tra squilibri commerciali, centralizzazione del capitale e “imperialismo”, le proprietà di esistenza e stabilità dello stato stazionario della centralizzazione vengono esaminate come potenziali “condizioni economiche” di deterioramento o di pacificazione delle relazioni internazionali.
This essay develops the topics of a debate between Daron Acemoglu and Emiliano Brancaccio hosted by the Feltrinelli Foundation in June 2021. Acemoglu argues that Marx's and his epigon Piketty's ...attempts to unveil 'general laws of capitalism' are doomed to failure as they neglect institutions' heterogeneity and their dynamics. Acemoglu provides historical and empirical evidence in support of the idea that such 'laws' are denied by 'counterfactuals'. In this paper, we criticize Acemoglu's epistemological view by arguing that the dynamics of institutions could strengthen general 'laws' rather than defeat them. We also show that Acemoglu empirical results can be overturned: a revision of his tests shows that Piketty's law and the Marxian law of capital centralization find support in the empirical analysis. It is therefore appropriate to continue the investigation about the relevance of these 'laws', also for their possible implications on the future of liberal-democratic capitalism.
•A first empirical analysis of the relationships between capital centralization, monetary policy guidelines, and the business cycle.•A tightening monetary policy brings about a higher centralization ...of capital.•A 1% increase in the policy rate brings about a reduction in the fraction of top shareholders of net control of about 13% in the US and of 5% in the EA.•A higher centralization of capital, in turn, leads to a reduction of GDP with respect to its trend.•A 1% decrease in the fraction of top shareholders leads to a 2.3% and 1.5% contraction of the nominal GDP deviation from its trend in the US and in the EA.
Based on a connection between network analysis and B-VAR models, this paper provides a first empirical evidence of the relationships between capital centralization expressed in terms of network control on one hand and monetary policy guidelines and business cycles on the other. Our findings suggest that a tightening monetary policy leads to a decrease in the fraction of top shareholders of network control which results in a higher centralization of capital; and that a higher centralization of capital, in turn, leads to a reduction of GDP with respect to its trend. These relations are confirmed both for the United States and the Euro Area.
We apply a B‐VAR technique to 28 high‐income countries and 11 Euro area countries in 1999–2019 to analyze the causal relationships between centralization of capital measured in terms of network ...control and solvency conditions represented by the difference between GDP growth and interest rate. Results show a relationship that goes in two directions. First of all, divergent solvency conditions lead to an average increase in capital centralization and its greater convergence between countries. In turn, an average increase in capital centralization and its greater convergence produces a convergence of solvency conditions between countries. These outcomes are consistent for both groups of high‐income countries and Euro area countries. Finally, in the group of high‐income countries, we also note that an average deterioration in solvency conditions leads to a convergence of capital centralization between countries.
Como fenômeno social, econômico, cultural e espacial, o turismo no Brasil vem produzindo geografias particulares relacionadas a equipamentos e serviços tais como operação e agenciamento de viagens, à ...infraestrutura hoteleira, às residências secundárias, a cruzeiros marítimos e, consequentemente a fluxos turísticos pelo território nacional. Essas geografias do turismo no país são compreendidas, nesta análise, como causa e conseqüência do chamado desenvolvimento desigual, tal como discutido contemporaneamente por Smith (2008). Neste sentido, buscamos para alem de supostas determinações culturais, apreender, através de uma economia política do território, lógicas engendradoras das espacialidades assumidas pelo turismo enquanto atividade econômica no Brasil. No que tange à metodologia da análise, buscamos no materialismo histórico e dialético as bases para a interpretação deste fenômeno complexo e de importância social e econômica crescente, que é o turismo. A noção de desenvolvimento desigual enquanto “expressão geográfica sistemática das contradições inerentes à própria construção e estrutura do capital” (SMITH, 2008: 4) constitui pilar conceitual sobre o qual assentamos nossa análise. Além disso, consideramos que a noção de desenvolvimento desigual constitui chave interpretativa central para a compreensão do lugar do turismo no processo conflituoso e contraditório de produção do espaço. Como resultados desta análise, destacamos a expressiva concentração espacial de equipamentos e de fluxos turísticos no Brasil enquanto produtos históricos de processos de concentração e centralização do capital na sua relação com distintas Divisões Sociais e Territoriais do Trabalho distribuídas ao longo do tempo e materializadas no espaço.
Le tourisme étant un phénomène social, économique, culturel et spatial, il produit au Brésil des géographies assez particulières si nous prenons en compte l’offre d’un ensemble d’équipements et services comme l’organisation et mise en vente des forfaits touristiques, l’hôtellerie, les résidences secondaires, les croisières maritimes et, par conséquent, les flux touristiques parcourant le territoire national. Ici, cette géographie touristique singulière sera évoquée à la fois comme une cause et une conséquence du développement inégal, selon l’approche de Smith (2008). Nous chercherons donc à la saisir par le biais d’une économie politique du territoire et, au-delà de ses déterminations culturelles, des logiques constructrices des spatialités engendrées par le tourisme en tant qu’activité économique au Brésil. En ce qui concerne la méthodologie d’analyse, nous chercherons au sein du matérialisme historique et dialectique les bases pour l'interprétation de ce phénomène touristique complexe qui prend progressivement de plus en plus d’importance sociale et économique dans le pays. La notion de développement inégal comme étant l’« expression géographique systématisée des contradictions inhérentes à la construction et à la structure du capital » (Smith, 2008: 4) sera l’instrument conceptuel grâce auquel nous guiderons notre analyse. Nous considérons par la suite que cette notion est une clé d'interprétation essentielle pour comprendre le rôle joué par le tourisme dans le processus conflictuel et contradictoire de production de l’espace. Suite aux analyses réalisées, nous sommes en mesure de montrer une concentration spatiale significative des infrastructures et des flux touristiques au Brésil, issue des processus historiques de concentration et de centralisation du capital dans son rapport avec de différentes divisions sociales du travail réparties au long du temps et matérialisées dans l'espace.
As a social, economic, cultural and spatial phenomenon, tourism in Brazil has been producing private geographies related to equipment and services such as operation and travel agency, hotel infrastructure, secondary residences, maritime cruises and, consequently, tourist flows through the national territory. These geographies of tourism in the country are understood, in this analysis, as the cause and the consequence of the so-called unequal development, as discussed contemporaneously by Smith (2008). In this sense, we seek, in addition to supposed cultural determinations, to understand, through a political economy of the territory, the spawning logic of the spatialities assumed by tourism as an economic activity in Brazil. Regarding the methodology of analysis, we seek in historical and dialectical materialism the bases for the interpretation of this complex phenomenon with an increasing social and economic importance, which is tourism. The notion of uneven development as a “systematic geographical expression of the contradictions inherent in the very construction and structure of capital” (Smith, 2008: 4) is the conceptual pillar on which we base our analysis. In addition, we consider that the notion of unequal development constitutes a central interpretative key to understand the place of tourism in the conflicting and contradictory process of production of space. As a result of this analysis, we highlight the significant spatial concentration of equipment and tourist flows in Brazil as historical products of processes of concentration and centralization of capital in its relationship with distinct Social and Territorial Labor Divisions distributed over time and materialized in space.
Abstract
This chapter investigates Marx’s Capital as a theoretical resource for analyzing both the form and content of the modern corporation. We assess two recent contributions critiquing the ...corporation. The chapter argues that Marx advanced from his initial ambivalent comments on the form of the joint stock company and the credit system to a more categorical critique. We assess Marx’s concepts of the concentration and centralization of capital, fictitious capital and rent in analyzing the corporation. Next, we note Engels important contribution filling in from the early limited liability company to monopoly capital and modern imperialism. The chapter ends with two examples of how these concepts apply in concrete analysis. The work is highly preliminary and is intended to open a more theoretically informed approach to analysis and critique of the multinational corporation.
Capitalism and Inequality Patnaik, Prabhat
Agrarian south : journal of political economy,
08/2015, Volume:
4, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
In discussing inequality under capitalism, we must distinguish between ‘stock inequality’ and ‘flow inequality’, or inequality in wealth and inequality in incomes. We also have to be clear whether ...our focus is the capitalist sector proper, consisting only of the workers and the capitalists, or the capitalist sector together with the setting in which it exists, which includes its pre-capitalist surroundings. This article argues that the focus must be wider, encompassing the capitalist sector together with its setting. Over this wider terrain, wealth inequality has a tendency to increase over time not only because of ‘centralization of capital’ highlighted by Marx but also because of the dispossession of petty producers, the so-called ‘primitive accumulation of capital’, which continues throughout the history of capitalism. Primitive accumulation also ensures the existence of a persistently large reserve army of labour which keeps down real wages even as labour productivity increases, resulting in an increase over time in income inequality as well.
Tras el abandono del régimen de convertibilidad, en los primeros días del año 2002 la industria argentina ha experimentado un proceso de expansión acelerada (sólo morigerado por los efectos ...domésticos de la crisis internacional desatada a fines de 2008). Esta fase fue acompañada de un incremento de consideración en la concentración económica y, en ese marco, en la profundización del predominio del capital extranjero en la cúpula empresaria sectorial. Este artículo analiza estos procesos y busca identificar sus principales factores explicativos, así como sus implicancias más salientes sobre la dinámica socio-económica de la Argentina. En este sentido, se busca aportar elementos de juicio para reflexionar acerca de si la industria realmente existente (altamente concentrada y extranjerizada) puede convertirse en el nudo conductor de un "modelo de acumulación con inclusión social", tal como sostiene el discurso predominante. Argentine industry experienced a process of rapid expansion following the collapse of the Convertibility Regime in the early days of 2002. This was only altered by the domestic effects of the international crisis, which rose at the end of 2008. This phase was accompanied by a rise in economic concentration and, in this context, in an increase in the predominance of foreign capital in the business leadership. This paper analyzes these processes and seeks to identify the main explanatory factors, as well as the most significant implications for socio-economic behavior in Argentina. To this end, the aim is to provide pointers that reflect on whether the highly concentrated and foreignized industry that actually exists can be the nucleus for an "accumulation model with social inclusion" as the predominant view maintains. Après l'abandon du régime de convertibilité dans les premiers jours de l'année 2002, l'industrie argentine a connu un processus d'expansion accélérée (seulement modéré par les effets domestiques de la crise internationale déclenchée à la fin de 2008). Cette phase s'est accompagnée d'un accroissement considérable de la concentration économique et, dans ce contexte, du renforcement de la prédominance du capital étranger dans les entreprises leaders de ce secteur. Cet article analyse ces processus et cherche à identifier leurs principaux facteurs explicatifs, ainsi que leurs répercussions les plus visibles sur la dynamique socio-économique de l'Argentine. Dans ce sens, il cherche à fournir des critères pour réfléchir sur la possibilité que l'industrie réellement existante (fortement concentrée et sous mainmise étrangère) devienne le point d'appui d'un "modèle d'accumulation avec inclusion sociale", comme le soutient le discours dominant. Após o abandono do regime de conversibilidade, nos primeiros dias do ano 2002, a indústria Argentina experimentou um processo de expansão acelerada (apenas afetado pelos efeitos da crise internacional desatada no final de 2008). Esta fase foi acompanhada por um considerável aumento da concentração económica e, neste contexto, no aprofundamento do predomínio do capital estrangeiro na cúpula do empresariado setorial. Este artigo discute estes processos, procurando identificar seus principáis fatores explicativos, bem como suas implicações mais destacadas sobre a dinámica socioeconómica da Argentina. A este respeito, se busca trazer elementos para refletir sobre a possibilidade da indústria realmente existente (altamente concentrada e internacionalizada) se tornar o fio condutor de um "modelo de acumulação com inclusáo social", tal como sustenta o discurso predominante. 在放弃了可兑换法令之后， 2002年初， 阿根廷的エ业经历了ー个加速扩 张的过程（只是到2008年末国际金融危机爆发对国内产生影响后， 这ー过 程才得以放缓） 。伴随这个阶段的是经济集中度的大幅度提高， 在此背景 下， 外資的主导作用在核心经济部门不断加强。本文分析了这些过程， 旨 在寻找并界定主要的解释性变量， 同时， 也分析了这些变量对阿根廷社会 经济的显著影响。从这个意义上说， 本文旨在试图证明， 主流观点所讨论 的当前高度集中且由外资控制的现有エ业能否实现“ 兼有社会包容的积累 模式，， 。
Uneven Development endeavours to derive a theory of uneven geographical development by putting in motion a 'historical dialogue' between Marx's critical theorisation of capitalism and the geograhical ...reality of capitalism at the close of the twentieth century, and by theorising the relations between material nature and the spatial dynamics of capitalist accumulation. The result, however, is a theory of uneven development predicated on a logical rather than a historical conception of capitalism, which furthermore supersedes the question of the production of nature in conceptualising the spatial dynamics of (contemporary) capitalism. This article argues for a re-theorisation of uneven geographical development that considers the production of nature, namely extractive industry, as a point of departure in theorising the spatial dynamics of contemporary capitalist accumulation, focusing briefly on the concentration and centralisation of capital.
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