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•Ultrasound improved plasma protein gelation strength and water-holding capacity.•The most content of bound water was presented in ultrasound assisted group.•The storage energy and ...loss energy modulus of the combined group showed largest.•After konjac glucomannan addition, the particle size of gel increased significantly.•The combined group showed the highest hydrophobicity and disulfide bonds.
The effect of ultrasound assisted konjac glucomannan treatment on the properties of chicken plasma protein gelation was investigated in this study. There were four gelation groups as follows: untreated plasma protein gelation (Control), gelation added konjac glucomannan (KGG), gelation by ultrasound treatment alone (UG) and gelation added konjac glucomannan combined with ultrasound treatment (KGUG). The data showed that the gelation strength and water-holding capacity of the treated groups were significantly increased compared with those of Control. The strongest bonding water was present in KGUG, followed by KGG and UG in low-field nuclear magnetic resonance. The storage energy (G′) and loss energy modulus (G″) of KGUG showed the largest rheological properties, and the G′ value was higher than that of G″. Furthermore, the elastic and gelatinous properties of UG, KGG and KGUG played a dominant role in viscoelasticity. After konjac glucomannan addition, the particle size of KGG increased significantly. Compared with that of the Control and KGG, the average particle size of UG and KGUG decreased significantly after ultrasound treatment. The hydrophobicity and disulfide bonds mainly affected the formation of heat-induced gelation in these four groups. Furthermore, KGUG with the highest hydrophobicity and disulfide bonds revealed the best stability. Therefore, the gelation of chicken plasma protein by ultrasound assisted konjac glucomannan treatment had excellent gelling properties.
The present study was aimed to explore the influence of graded replacing fish meal (0.00%, 14.29%, 28.57%, 42.86%, and 57.14%) with spray dried chicken plasma (SDCP) on growth performance, feed ...utilization, and antioxidant capacity of largemouth bass. Triplicate groups of fish (initial weight: 10.05 ± 0.05 g) were fed experimental diets twice daily for 8 weeks. Results indicated that specific growth rate and feed intake of fish were not remarkably influenced with the replacement of fish meal. Meanwhile, no significant difference was observed in feed intake and feed efficiency ratio among treatments. The inclusion of SDCP significantly elevated crude protein content of muscle, liver and whole fish body, which resulted in the increased protein retention rate. Meanwhile, the lipid retention rate was also significantly increased with the replacement of fish meal. The replacement of 57.14% fish meal with SDCP significantly reduced the content of lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde. Meanwhile, the total antioxidant capacity and catalase activity was significantly higher in fish fed the diet with replacement of 57.14% fish meal compared to the control group. In above, 57.14% fish meal could be substituted by SDCP in diets for largemouth bass under this experimental condition.
•The replacement of fish meal with spray dried chicken plasma produce no significant influence on growth performance.•The inclusion of spray dried chicken plasma benefits for elevating antioxidant capacity.•Spray dried chicken plasma has great potential as an alternative to dietary fish meal.
N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine (NAC) shows beneficial effects in cases of aflatoxicosis and heat stress in poultry but little is known about its pharmacokinetics in chickens. Therefore, the study aimed to ...develop and validate a sensitive LC–MS/MS analytical method for quantitative analysis of NAC in chicken plasma. A split calibration curve approach was used for determination of NAC in chicken plasma. Standard curves for low (0.05–2.5 μg/ml) and high (2.5–100 μg/ml) ranges of concentrations were prepared. The standard curves for low (r2 = 0.9987) and high (r2 = 0.9899) concentrations were linear within the tested range. The limits of detection (LOD) and of quantification (LOQ) for the standard at low concentrations were 0.093 and 0.28 μg/ml, respectively. The accuracy was from 97.35 to 101.33%. The values of LOD and LOQ for the standard at high concentrations were 0.76 and 2.30 μg/ml, respectively. The accuracy was between 99.77 and 112.14%. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions for all concentrations from both standards did not exceed 8.57% and 10.69%, respectively. The recovery for all concentrations was between 92.45 and 105.52%. The validated method for determination of NAC in chicken plasma can be applied in future pharmacokinetic studies in chickens without dilution of samples and their repeated analysis.
In order to study the renal function, in terms of glomerular filtration and effective renal plasma flow, in broiler chickens and pigs, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass ...spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of iohexol, p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) and exogenously administered creatinine in plasma was developed and validated. Sample preparation consisted of a deproteinization step using methanol for porcine plasma and an Ostro™ Protein Precipitation & Phospholipid Removal Plate was used for broiler chicken plasma. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Hypersil Gold aQ column using 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in methanol as mobile phases. The total run time was limited to 10 min. Matrix-matched calibration curves for iohexol and PAH were prepared and good linearity (r ≥ 0.9973; gof ≤ 6.17%) was achieved over the concentration range tested (0.25–90 μg/mL). Limits of quantification were 0.25 μg/mL for iohexol and PAH. Water was used as surrogate matrix for analysis of creatinine in plasma. This surrogate calibration curve showed good linearity over the concentration range tested (0.25–90 μg/mL) (r ≥ 0.9979; gof ≤ 5.66%). For creatinine, the relative lower limit of quantification was 201.03 ± 49.20% and 60.14 ± 7.64% for chicken and porcine plasma, respectively. The results for within-day and between-day precision and accuracy fell within the specified ranges.
This straightforward, cost-effective and rapid method, determining iohexol, PAH and creatinine within one single chromatographic run, has been successfully used for the analysis in porcine and broiler chicken plasma samples in order to determine the renal function of these species.
•Evaluation of the renal function by analysing iohexol, PAH and exogenously administered creatinine in animal plasma•Straightforward and rapid LC-MS/MS method determining three renal markers within one single chromatographic run•Validation of an LC-MS/MS method for creatinine with ultrapure water as surrogate matrix
One hundred forty-four 25-d-old weaning piglets with BW of 6.43 ± 0.39 kg were used in a 28-d trail to evaluate the effects of dietary addition of spray-dried chicken plasma (SDCP) as a replacement ...for spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, diarrhea incidence, small intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activity, and microflora. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: 1) CON (control; a basal diet), 2) SDPP (containing 5% SDPP), 3) SDPP + SDCP (containing 2.5% SDPP and 2.5% SDCP), and 4) SDCP (containing 5% SDCP). Six pigs from each treatment were randomly selected to collect serum and intestinal samples. Compared with the CON group, both the SDPP and the SDPP + SDCP groups improved final BW of pigs (P < 0.05), but there were no differences among the SDPP, SDPP + SDCP, and SDCP groups. From d 1 to 14 and d 15 to 28, pigs fed the SDPP and SDPP + SDCP diets had a greater (P < 0.05) ADG than pigs fed the CON diet. During the overall period, both ADG and ADFI of pigs in the SDPP and SDPP + SDCP groups were improved (P < 0.05) compared with pigs in the CON group. Furthermore, pigs fed diets containing SDPP or SDCP had a greater (P < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of CP, ether extract, Ca, and ash and less (P < 0.05) incidence of diarrhea than pigs fed the CON diet. However, no differences were observed for ATTD and diarrhea incidence between the SDPP and SDCP groups. Compared with the CON group, duodenal villus height and the ratio of villi to crypt were increased (P < 0.05) in the SDPP, SDPP + SDCP, and SDCP groups and jejunal crypt depth was decreased in the SDPP + SDCP and SDCP groups (P < 0.05). Pigs in the SDPP group had greater (P < 0.05) activities of amylase, maltase, and trypsin than pigs in the CON group. However, no significant differences were observed between the SDCP and SDPP groups. Additionally, inclusion of SDCP in diet decreased (P < 0.05) the population of Escherichia coli. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that the addition of SDCP in pigs’ diet had an effect similar to SDPP on improving growth performance through the promotion of the small intestinal development, increasing digestive enzymes activities, enhancing ATTD of nutrients, and decreasing diarrhea incidence.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary addition of spray-dried chicken plasma (SDCP) as a replacement for spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) on serum biochemistry, ...intestinal barrier function, immune parameters, and the expression of intestinal development-related genes in weaning pigs. One hundred and forty-four 25-d-old weaning piglets with BW of 6.43 ± 0.39 kg were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: 1) CON (basal diet; control), 2) SDPP (containing 5% SDPP), 3) SDPP + SDCP (containing 2.5% SDPP and 2.5% SDCP), and 4) SDCP (containing 5% SDCP). After a 28-d trial, 6 pigs from each treatment were randomly selected to collect serum and intestinal samples. On d 14 after the initiation of the trial, pigs in the SDPP, SDPP + SDCP, and SDCP groups had an increase ( < 0.05) in serum concentrations of total protein and IgG and a decrease ( < 0.05) in activities of alanine aminotransferase and diamine oxidase compared with the CON group. In the jejunum, supplementation with SDPP and SDCP reduced ( < 0.05) the concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and upregulated ( < 0.05) the mRNA levels of zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), zonula occludens 2 (ZO-2), occludin (OCLN), Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP2), and IGF-1 compared with the CON group. In the ileum, feeding SDPP, SDPP + SDCP, and SDCP decreased ( < 0.05) the concentrations of TNF-α and secretory IgA (sIgA) and upregulated ( < 0.05) the mRNA levels of claudin 1 (CLDN-1) and TLR2 compared with feeding CON. However, there were no differences among the SDPP, SDPP + SDCP, and SDCP groups. Furthermore, supplementation with SDCP reduced ( < 0.05) the concentration of IL-10 and upregulated ( < 0.05) the mRNA levels of GLP-2, mucin 2 (MUC2), and trefoil factor family 3 (TFF3) in the ileum compared with feeding CON. Collectively, the current results indicate that dietary addition of SDCP has a beneficial influence on the health condition of weaning pigs by alleviating liver damage, promoting intestinal development, improving intestinal barrier function, and reducing overstimulation of immune response. The efficacy of SDCP is comparable to that of SDPP.
This research aimed to determine the minimum amounts of chicken blood plasma (X
1
) and sorbitol (X
2
) that affect the protein solubility (Y
1
), cohesiveness (Y
2
), and whiteness (Y
3
) of surimi. ...Response surface methodology (RSM) generated 13 experimental designs ranging from 0.5% to 2.5% for chicken plasma protein (CPP) and 2% to 6% for sorbitol. The results show that optimal conditions for protein solubility, cohesiveness, and a whiteness of surimi were achieved with a CPP concentration of 0.79% and a sorbitol concentration of 4.68%. This resulted in a predicted protein solubility of approximately 49.09 mg/ml, cohesiveness of 0.654 and whiteness value of 75.55. Meanwhile, the optimal experimental values for protein solubility, cohesiveness, and whiteness were found to be 46.56 mg/ml, 0.65, and 75.55, respectively. The measured values and predicted values have no statistically significant difference (p > .05), indicating the validity of the RSM model. These findings are valuable for improving surimi production.
The assessment of the capacity of antivenoms to neutralize the lethal activity of snake venoms still relies on traditional rodent in vivo lethality assay. ED50 and LD50 assays require large ...quantities of venoms and antivenoms, and besides leading to animal suffering. Therefore, in vitro tests should be introduced for assessing antivenom neutralizing capacity in intermediary steps of antivenom production. This task is facilitated when one key lethal toxin is identified. A good example is crotoxin, a β-neurotoxin phospholipase A2-like toxin that presents anticoagulant activity in vitro and is responsible for the lethality of venoms of Crotalus durissus snakes. By using rotational thromboelastometry, we reported recently one sensitive coagulation assay for assessing relative potency of the anti-bothropic serum in neutralizing procoagulant activity of Bothrops jararaca venom upon recalcified factor-XII-deficient chicken plasma samples (CPS). In this study, we stablished conditions for determining relative potency of four batches of the anti-crotalic serum (ACS) (antagonist) in inactivating crotoxin anticoagulant activity in CPS (target) simultaneously treated with one classical activator of coagulation (agonists). The correlation coefficient (r) between values related the ACS potency in inactivating both in vitro crotoxin anticoagulant activity and the in vivo lethality of whole venom (ED50) was 0.94 (p value < 0.05). In conclusion, slowness in spontaneous thrombin/fibrin generation even after recalcification elicit time lapse sufficient for elaboration of one dose-response curve to pro- or anti-coagulant agonists in CPS. We propose this methodology as an alternative and sensitive assay for assessing antivenom neutralizing ability in plasma of immunized horses as well as for in-process quality control.
•A new thromboelastometric-based micromethod suitable for accessing anticoagulant activity of toxins is proposed.•Dose-response curve to coagulant agonists is easily performed on factor XII-deficient recalcified chicken plasma.•Good correlation was observed between our in vitro micromethod and in vivo lethality neutralization by anticrotalic serum.•This micromethod could be used to monitor antibody levels in horses during intermediate steps of antivenom production.
The assessment of the capacity of antivenoms to neutralize the lethal activity of snake venoms still relies largely on traditional rodent lethality assay (LD50). However, adequately validated ...in vitro tests should be introduced for assessing antivenom neutralizing capacity in plasma of immunized horses as well as for in-process quality control. The dynamic of fibrin formation in recalcified avian plasma samples is extremely slow, when compared to that presented by mammalian plasmas. In this study, we present one new coagulant assay, by performing dose–response curve after plotting the clotting time (CT) parameter of the ROTEM profile of recalcified chicken plasma samples (target) against semi-logarithmic doses of Bothrops jararaca venom (agonist), either in absence or in presence of the semi-logarithmic doses of anti-bothropic serum (ABS) (antagonist).
The mean coagulant dose 50% (CD50) was defined as the quantity of venom (in μg) which reduces CT to 900 s, between minimum and maximum responses. The CT induced by 5CD50 of the venom was used as the control for calculating the effective dose (ED) of each batch of ABS. ED was defined as the ABS dose (nanoliters, nL) at which CT induced by one amount of venom corresponding to 5CD50 is displaced to the maximum threshold (1800 s). Five batches of the ABS, previously assayed for their lethality neutralizing activity (ED50) were assayed. The correlation coefficient (r) between both in vitro (ED) and in vivo (ED50) values was 0.87 (p value < 0.05). We propose this micro method as highly sensitive for characterization and quantification of possible procoagulant activity of small doses of snake venoms (nanograms) and for detecting small doses (nanoliters) of specific antibodies against this effect in little volume samples of biological fluids.
•A new micrometod for testing procoagulant snake venom toxins.•Activation of avian clotting system by semi-log doses of Bothrops jararaca venom.•Five batches of antivenom were assayed for their in vitro anticoagulant and in vivo lethality neutralization activities.•Correlation coefficient (r) between the two assays was 0.87 (p value < 0.05).•Assessment of antivenom relative potency in intermediary steps of antivenom production.
Chicken plasma protein hydrolysate (CPPH) was prepared by trypsin with angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of 53.5% ± 0.14% and the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of 16.22% ± 0.21% ...at 1 mg·ml−1; then, five proteases, including pepsin, trypsin, papain, alcalase, and neutrase, were employed to improve ACE inhibitory ability by catalyzing plastein reaction. The results indicated that trypsin‐catalyzed plastein reaction showed the highest ACE inhibitory activity. The exogenous amino acids of leucine, histidine, tyrosine, valine, and cysteine were selected to modify the CPPH. The leucine‐modified plastein reaction released the highest ACE inhibitory activity. The effects of four reaction parameters on plastein reaction were studied, and the optimal conditions with the purpose of obtaining the most powerful ACE inhibitory peptides from modified products were obtained by response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum ACE inhibition rate of the modified hydrolysate reached 82.07% ± 0.03% prepared at concentration of hydrolysates of 30%, reaction time of 4.9 hr, pH value of 8.0, temperature of 40°C, and E/S ratio of 5,681.62 U·g−1. The results indicated that trypsin‐catalyzed plastein reaction increased ACE inhibitory activity of chicken plasma protein hydrolysates by 28.57%.
Chicken plasma protein was hydrolyzed by trypsin to obtain CPPH with ACE inhibitory activity, and the hydrolysates were modified by a trypsin‐catalyzed plastein reaction to improve its ACE inhibitory activity. The reaction conditions of trypsin‐catalyzed plastein reaction of CPPH were optimized by single‐factor experiments and response surface methodology, obtaining optimal condition for improving ACE inhibitory activity. The result showed that the trypsin‐catalyzed plastein reaction of CPPH could enhance ACE inhibitory activity of modified hydrolysates, indicating that chicken plasma protein has the potential in the development of new functional foods.
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