Increasing attention has been recently paid to the toxicity of additives used in food. The European Parliament and the Council published the REGULATION (EC) No. 1333/2008 on food additives ...establishing that the toxicity of food additives evaluated before 20th January 2009 must be re-evaluated by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The aim of this review is to survey current knowledge specifically on the toxicity issues of synthetic food colorants using official reports published by the EFSA and other available studies published since the respective report. Synthetic colorants described are Tartrazine, Quinoline Yellow, Sunset Yellow, Azorubine, Ponceau 4R, Erythrosine, Allura Red, Patent Blue, Indigo Carmine, Brilliant Blue FCF, Green S, Brilliant Black and Brown HT. Moreover, a summary of evidence on possible detrimental effects of colorant mixes on children's behaviour is provided and future research directions are outlined.
•Toxicity of synthetic food colorants has passed recent re-evaluation by EFSA.•Relationship between food colorants and children's behaviour remains inconclusive.•Unknown pharmacological mechanisms should be assessed by future studies.
This article reviews evidence on the reliability and validity of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), and presents CBQ data on the structure of temperament in childhood. The CBQ is a ...caregiver report measure designed to provide a detailed assessment of temperament in children 3 to 7 years of age. Individual differences are assessed on 15 primary temperament characteristics: Positive Anticipation, Smiling/Laughter, High Intensity Pleasure, Activity Level, Impulsivity, Shyness, Discomfort, Fear, Anger/Frustration, Sadness, Soothability, Inhibitory Control, Attentional Focusing, Low Intensity Pleasure, and Perceptual Sensitivity. Factor analyses of CBQ scales reliably recover a three-factor solution indicating three broad dimensions of temperament: Extraversion/Surgency, Negative Affectivity, and Effortful Control. This three-factor solution also appears to be reliably recovered in ratings of children in other cultures (e.g., China and Japan). Evidence for convergent validity derives from confirmation of hypothesized relations between temperament and socialization-relevant traits. In addition, parental agreement on CBQ ratings is substantial. The CBQ scales demonstrate adequate internal consistency, and may be used in studies requiring a highly differentiated yet integrated measure of temperament for children in this age range.
Background: The study aimed to confirm previous findings showing links between household chaos and parenting in addition to examining whether household chaos was predictive of children's behaviour ...over and above parenting. In addition, we investigated whether household chaos acts as a moderator between parenting and children's behaviour.
Method: The sample consisted of 118 working‐ and middle‐class two‐parent English families with two children aged 4–8. Parents provided reports of the parent–child relationship, the level of chaos in their home and the children's problematic behaviour. The children also provided reports of parent–child relationships via a puppet interview.
Results: The results confirmed the links between household chaos and parenting, and indicated that household chaos is predictive of children's problem behaviour over and above parenting. In addition, in a minority of cases, household chaos played a moderating role between parenting and children's behaviour in that it exacerbated the effect of poorer quality parenting on children's behaviour.
Conclusions: Household chaos is able to work in an additive way and predict children's problem behaviour over and above parenting, and is particularly potent when in combination with less positive/more negative parenting.
The retention and resilience of teachers are subject to many influences. Children's behaviour is often cited as a major source of stress for teachers and a challenge to their resilience. We suggest ...that an understanding of teachers' attributions and efficacy beliefs may provide the foundations for work to support teachers. We outline findings from research that has examined teachers' attributions for the causes of children's misbehaviour, teachers' beliefs in their efficacy as classroom managers of children's behaviour as well as how, in principle, such beliefs may be supported and enhanced. We also relate these findings to those associated with educational and developmental outcomes for children. We conclude with some illustrative evidence of ways (involving consultation and other interventions) that applied psychologists have contributed to the professional well-being and resilience of teachers.
Purpose
To examine children’s behaviours during consecutive dental treatments, relative to gender, age, and behaviour guidance techniques.
Methods
A retrospective study of medical records of children ...treated by four residents in a Department of Paediatric Dentistry, during 2015–2018. Data included: age, gender, behaviour guidance technique (no medication, inhaled sedation, conscious sedation with hydroxyzine or benzodiazepines) and behaviour according to Frankl scale.
Results
Of 205 children, 134 were 3–6 yo (Group 1) and 71 were 6.1–11 yo (Group 2). Most presented a positive behavioural profile, with significant difference between groups (
p
= 0.02), no significant difference between genders (
p
= 0.72). A significant association between behaviour guidance techniques and behavioural profile was found (
p
= 0.01). Most children with positive behaviour received inhaled sedation (83%), while most children with negative behaviour received conscious sedation using benzodiazepines (8%). Negative behaviour was observed only in the younger children receiving conscious sedation with benzodiazepines (9%) or hydroxyzine (3%).
Conclusions
Most 3–11 yo patients exhibited positive behaviour during four consecutive dental treatments, with different behaviour guidance techniques. Negative behaviour was more frequent among 3–6 yo children, where sedation was often required to achieve cooperation, and 4.5% could benefit from general anesthesia.
This Editorial focuses on diet and behaviour problems ‐ seeking to disentangle the modern urban myth of the toxic effects of the modern diet on children's brains from the reality of its actual ...effects on behaviour. It suggests we need to navigate a course between these two opposing extremes, seeing the proposed diet–behaviour link more as a hypothesis to test, than a truth to defend or a myth to debunk. It summarises the history and standing of the current diet‐behaviour hypothesis and the use of dietary exclusions and dietary supplements for behaviour problems, in the light of current empirical evidence and the impetus this provides for further research in this field.
The goal of this literature review is to analyse the effect the family has on an adolescent’s behaviour. It is believed that parents have direct and indirect control. Previous research has found that ...parents directly influence their children’s behaviour through the parenting techniques utilized. Parental support is the largest influence on creating preferable behaviour in adolescents. Along with the direct influence from parents, the parents have indirect control over the community through which the adolescents lives in and socializes with peers in. Adolescents require strong bonds in their community. Through these bonds, adolescents are watched over and other families reciprocate the actions. When these conditions are not provided an up-rise in juvenile crime may overtake the community. Adolescents learn greatly from their peers. The family has an indirect control over peers through community watch and their parenting techniques; teaching the child not to succumb to peer pressure. This information is vital due to the presence of juveniles in the criminal justice system.
This paper describes the application of Staff Sharing (Gill & Monsen, 1995, 1996), a problem solving approach aimed at helping teaching and support staff become more effective in managing a range of ...challenging behaviours presented by some of pupils they work with. The intervention was one of a number delivered as part of the Targeted Mental Health in Schools (TaMHS) Pathfinder Project in Hackney between April 2008 and March 2011. The application of this approach in a number of schools attempted to address aspects of teachers’ well-being allowing them to reflect with colleagues on an identified problem, consider the range of contributory factors including those at a class and school level and then devise an action plan. The trend towards targeting teacher well-being and how current developments within education influence the context in which interventions such as Staff Sharing are delivered will be explored. In addition how the Staff Sharing model was adapted will be outlined in the light of literature on reflective teamwork and consultative groups in schools, and as a result of the experiences of the authors. Changes to the intervention, the rationale behind them, and how a revised model was applied in primary, secondary and specialist provision will be described. Finally the revised model will be critiqued in light of outcome data and in terms of adherence to the original model before next steps and the development of a further revision of the model based on our experiences and findings is identified.
The paper starts from the standpoint that the expansion of the Internet imposes a need for instructing the parents to adequately guide children to use safely this virtual space. That is why we ...present the results of an empirical research, aimed at establishing how parents control the behaviour of their children on the Internet and social networks. The research was conducted on a sample of 105 parents of the sixth grade elementary school pupils, and the applied questionnaire was construed for this occasion. The obtained results show that the majority of parents think that they know about their children's activities on the Internet, and that a significant number of parents recognize potentional dangers of using the Internet and social networks. When it comes to mediation, i.e. the ways of guiding/regulating the child's behaviour on the Internet, it turned out that the parents most commonly use mediation based on facts or restrictive mediation, while value-based, i.e. active mediation is used by a considerably smaller number of parents. Especially important finding is that the majority of parents show interest for organized instruction on protection of children on the Internet. This interest of parents should be a starting point for creating a systemic support of the society, and especially the support of educational institutions for strengthening parental competencies for providing a safe Internet space for their children.
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