The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) locus encodes classical MHC class I and MHC class II molecules and nonclassical MHC-I molecules. The architecture of these molecules is ideally suited to ...capture and present an array of peptide antigens (Ags). In addition, the CD1 family members and MR1 are MHC class I-like molecules that bind lipid-based Ags and vitamin B precursors, respectively. These Ag-bound molecules are subsequently recognized by T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) expressed on the surface of T lymphocytes. Structural and associated functional studies have been highly informative in providing insight into these interactions, which are crucial to immunity, and how they can lead to aberrant T cell reactivity. Investigators have determined over thirty unique TCR-peptide-MHC-I complex structures and twenty unique TCR-peptide-MHC-II complex structures. These investigations have shown a broad consensus in docking geometry and provided insight into MHC restriction. Structural studies on TCR-mediated recognition of lipid and metabolite Ags have been mostly confined to TCRs from innate-like natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells, respectively. These studies revealed clear differences between TCR-lipid-CD1, TCR-metabolite-MR1, and TCR-peptide-MHC recognition. Accordingly, TCRs show remarkable structural and biological versatility in engaging different classes of Ag that are presented by polymorphic and monomorphic Ag-presenting molecules of the immune system.
Narrating the city Fischer-Nebmaier, Wladimir; Berg, Matthew P; Christou, Anastasia
2015., 20150901, 2015, 2015-10-01, Volume:
15
eBook
In recent decades, the insight that narration shapes our perception of reality has inspired and influenced the most innovative historical accounts. Focusing on new research, this volume explores the ...history of non-elite populations in cities from Caracas to Vienna, and Paris to Belgrade. Narration is central to the theme of each contribution, whether as a means of description, a methodological approach, or basic story telling. This book brings together research that both asks classical socio-historical questions and takes narration seriously, engaging with novels, films, local history accounts, petitions to municipal authorities, and interviews with alternative cinema activists.
This paper presents a class information (CI)-based band selection (BS) approach to hyperspectral image classification (HSIC). It introduces a new concept from an information theory point of view, CI ...which can be used to determine an appropriate weight imposed on each class of interest. Specifically, two types of criteria, intraclass information criterion (IC) and interclass IC are derived as CI probabilities to measure CI that can be used to determine the number of training samples required to be selected for each class. With such CI-calculated probabilities, another new concept called class self-information (CSI) is also defined for each class that can be further used to define the class entropy (CE) so that CSI and CE can be used to determine the number of bands required for BS, nBS. In order to find desired nBS bands, two types of BS methods based on CSI and CE are custom-designed, called single class signature-constrained BS (SCSC-BS) which utilizes the constrained energy minimization (CEM) to constrain each individual class signature to select bands for a particular class according to its CSI-determined nBS and a multiple class signatures-constrained BS (MCSC-BS) which takes advantage of linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) to constrain all class signatures to select CE-determined nBS bands for all classes. These SCSC-BS and MCSC-BS selected bands are then used to perform classification and evaluated by CI-weighted classification measures by real image experiments. The results show that HSIC using judiciously selected partial bands as well as CI-weighted measures can improve HSIC with using full bands.
This book examines Mexican American and white girls coming of age in California's Central Valley, offering tools for understanding the ways in which class identity is constructed, and at times fails ...to be constructed, in relationship to color, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality. Chapter 1, "Portraying Waretown High," introduces the issue. Chapter 2, "Women without Class," reviews the academic theory debates employed in this analysis. Chapter 3, "How Working-Class Chicas Get Working-Class Lives," focuses on working-class Mexican American girls. Chapter 4, "Hard-Living Habitus, Settled-Living Resentment," focuses on working-class white girls. Chapter 5, "Border Work between Classes," looks at both white and Mexican American working-class girls who are exceptional in that they are taking college preparatory classes and plan to attend four-year institutions. Chapter 6, "Sameness, Difference, and Alliance," explores relationships between various groups of girls across class and race. Chapter 7, "Conclusion," speaks to the larger social and historical forces that shape the lives of this generation of young women, drawing conclusions about the utility of the concepts of performance and productivity. (Contains approximately 360 references.) (SM)
Pathways of antigen processing Blum, Janice S; Wearsch, Pamela A; Cresswell, Peter
Annual review of immunology,
01/2013, Volume:
31
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
T cell recognition of antigen-presenting cells depends on their expression of a spectrum of peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and class II (MHC-II) molecules. ...Conversion of antigens from pathogens or transformed cells into MHC-I- and MHC-II-bound peptides is critical for mounting protective T cell responses, and similar processing of self proteins is necessary to establish and maintain tolerance. Cells use a variety of mechanisms to acquire protein antigens, from translation in the cytosol to variations on the theme of endocytosis, and to degrade them once acquired. In this review, we highlight the aspects of MHC-I and MHC-II biosynthesis and assembly that have evolved to intersect these pathways and sample the peptides that are produced.
T. H. Breen introduces us to the ordinary men and women who took responsibility for the course of the American revolution. Far from the actions of the Continental Congress and the Continental Army, ...they took the reins of power and preserved a political culture based on the rule of law, creating America's political identity in the process.
Based on extensive fieldwork in Calcutta, this book provides the first ethnography of how middle-class women in India understand and experience economic change through transformations of family life. ...It explores their ideas, practices and experiences of marriage, childbirth, reproductive change and their children's education, and addresses the impact that globalization is having on the new middle classes in Asia more generally from a domestic perspective. By focusing on maternity, the book explores subjective understandings of the way intimate relationships and the family are affected by India's liberalization policies and the neo-liberal ideologies that accompany through an analysis of often competing ideologies and multiple practices. And by drawing attention to women's agency as wives, mothers and grandmothers within these new frameworks, Domestic Goddesses discusses the experiences of different age groups affected by these changes. Through a careful analysis of women's narratives, the domestic sphere is shown to represent the key site for the remaking of Indian middle-class citizens in a global world.
Class Feature Weighted Hyperspectral Image Classification Zhong, Shengwei; Chang, Chein-I; Li, Jiaojiao ...
IEEE journal of selected topics in applied earth observations and remote sensing,
12/2019, Volume:
12, Issue:
12
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This article develops a new approach to hyperspectral image classification (HSIC), called class feature (CF) weighted HSIC (CFW-HSIC), which extracts features from classes of interest that can be ...used to improve HSIC. Three types of CFs, intra-CFs (Intra-CFs), inter-CFs (Inter-CFs), total CFs (TCFs), are particularly designed to calculate probability for each of classes as its class significance that can be used for classification. The use of such CF-calculated probabilities is three fold. One is to develop an algorithm to automatically allocate a specific training sample size for each of classes for classification. Another is to use the CF-calculated probabilities as class weights to generalize commonly used overall accuracy (OA) to CF-OA. A third one is to take advantage of CF-calculated probabilities to derive CFW-HSIC, which can effectively deal with classification of unbalanced classes as well as class variability/class separability. Most importantly, CFW-HSIC can perform better than HSIC without using CFs.
This book concerns two men, a stockingmaker and a magistrate, who both lived in a small English village at the turn of the nineteenth century. It focuses on Joseph Woolley the stockingmaker, on his ...way of seeing and writing the world around him, and on the activities of magistrate Sir Gervase Clifton, administering justice from his country house Clifton Hall. Using Woolley's voluminous diaries and Clifton's magistrate records, Carolyn Steedman gives us a unique and fascinating account of working-class living and loving, and getting and spending. Through Woolley and his thoughts on reading and drinking, sex, the law and social relations, she challenges traditional accounts which she argues have overstated the importance of work to the working man's understanding of himself, as a creature of time, place and society. She shows instead that, for men like Woolley, law and fiction were just as critical as work in framing everyday life.
What role do children play in education and stratification? Are they merely passive recipients of unequal opportunities that schools and parents create for them? Or do they actively shape their own ...opportunities? Through a longitudinal, ethnographic study of one socioeconomically diverse, public elementary school, I show that children's social-class backgrounds affect when and how they seek help in the classroom. Compared to their working-class peers, middle-class children request more help from teachers and do so using different strategies. Rather than wait for assistance, they call out or approach teachers directly, even interrupting to make requests. In doing so, middle-class children receive more help from teachers, spend less time waiting, and are better able to complete assignments. By demonstrating these skills and strategies, middle-class children create their own advantages and contribute to inequalities in the classroom. These findings have implications for theories of cultural capital, stratification, and social reproduction.
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